Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

Which metabolic process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose under aerobic conditions?

Answer: Oxidative phosphorylation via the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain yields approximately 30-32 ATP per glucose molecule, far exceeding anaerobic pathways.

The rotator cuff is composed of which four muscles?

Answer: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

SITS is the mnemonic: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, and Subscapularis form the rotator cuff.

During prolonged submaximal aerobic exercise, the primary substrate shift that occurs after ~20-30 minutes is toward:

Answer: Increased fat oxidation and decreased carbohydrate use

As glycogen stores deplete during prolonged exercise, free fatty acid oxidation progressively increases to spare carbohydrate.

The adrenal medulla releases which catecholamines in response to acute exercise stress?

Answer: Epinephrine and norepinephrine

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine as part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response during exercise.

Which joint in the lower extremity is classified as a hinge joint, allowing primarily flexion and extension?

Answer: Knee joint

The knee (tibiofemoral) joint is primarily a modified hinge joint allowing flexion and extension, with slight rotation when flexed.

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for generating the contractile force for pumping blood?

Answer: Myocardium

The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle cells that generate pumping force.

Wolff's Law states that bone adapts its structure in response to:

Answer: Mechanical loads placed upon it

Wolff's Law describes how bone remodels and strengthens along lines of mechanical stress, making weight-bearing and resistance exercise important for bone density.