American Red Cross Water Safety Instructor (WSI) Certification — Questions and Answers

Question 1: A swimmer's legs tend to sink, causing an increase in drag. This is primarily due to the relationship between which two hydrodynamic principles?

Propulsion and Form Drag
Wave Drag and Friction
Center of Buoyancy and Center of Gravity (Correct answer)
Bernoulli's Principle and Lift

Correct answer: Center of Buoyancy and Center of Gravity

The center of gravity (mass) in a human is typically lower, around the hips, while the center of buoyancy is higher, around the chest, due to air in the lungs. This separation creates a torque that causes the denser legs and hips to sink, rotating the body out of a streamlined horizontal position and increasing drag.

Question 2: The principle of providing the "least restrictive environment" in an American Red Cross aquatic program means:

Placing all students with disabilities in separate, adaptive-only classes.
Integrating swimmers with diverse abilities into standard classes with appropriate support and modifications. (Correct answer)
Modifying skill requirements so that they are easier for every participant.
Only allowing swimmers with disabilities to participate in classes if they do not require any assistance.

Correct answer: Integrating swimmers with diverse abilities into standard classes with appropriate support and modifications.

Inclusion, guided by the principle of the least restrictive environment, means that students with disabilities should be educated alongside their peers without disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate. In a swim lesson context, this involves integrating them into a standard class and providing the necessary aids, support, and instructional modifications to help them succeed. Segregation (A) is the opposite of this principle. Modifying standards for everyone (B) is not necessary, and creating barriers to participation (D) is discriminatory.

Question 3: In the flutter kick, where does the leg movement start?

With the feet
With the hips (Correct answer)
With the knees
With the ankles

Correct answer: With the hips

Explanation: In the flutter kick, the leg movement starts with the hips. The hips initiate the movement, which then travels down through the legs, resulting in a continuous, rhythmic kicking motion that propels the swimmer through the water.

Question 4: When teaching individuals with disabilities and considering modification you should:

Avoid making modifications
Try several alternatives (Correct answer)
Stick to traditional teaching methods
Focus solely on verbal instructions

Correct answer: Try several alternatives

Explanation: When teaching individuals with disabilities and considering modifications, it's essential to try several alternatives. Every individual is unique, so it's essential to explore various teaching methods and accommodations to find what works best for each student.

Question 5: Which of the following best describes the application of Newton's Third Law of Motion to swimming?

A swimmer with more muscle mass will require more force to achieve the same acceleration as a smaller swimmer.
A swimmer will remain gliding at a constant speed unless slowed by the water's resistance.
The greater the force a swimmer applies to the water, the faster they will accelerate, assuming their mass is constant.
As a swimmer's hands and arms push the water backward, the water pushes the swimmer forward. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: As a swimmer's hands and arms push the water backward, the water pushes the swimmer forward.

Newton's Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In swimming, the 'action' is the swimmer pushing water backward with their hands, arms, and feet. The 'opposite reaction' is the water pushing the swimmer's body forward, creating propulsion.

Question 6: Which swimming strokes have a glide?

Elementary backstroke
All of the above. (Correct answer)
Sidestroke
Breaststroke

Correct answer: All of the above.

Explanation: All three swimming strokes mentioned—Breaststroke, Elementary backstroke, and Sidestroke—incorporate a glide phase. During this phase, the swimmer extends their body forward or sideways, allowing them to move through the water with minimal resistance before initiating the next stroke. Gliding helps conserve energy and maintain momentum while swimming.

Question 7: During a lesson on treading water, a student is struggling using the flutter kick and is tiring quickly. Which of the following kicks would be most effective and efficient for the student to maintain a vertical position?

Rotary (Eggbeater) Kick (Correct answer)
Dolphin Kick
Inverted Frog Kick
Scissor Kick

Correct answer: Rotary (Eggbeater) Kick

The rotary, or 'eggbeater', kick is the most efficient and effective method for treading water. It provides continuous upward support because one leg is always in the power phase of the kick. The flutter kick is generally inefficient for sustained treading.

Question 8: You are analyzing a swimmer's butterfly stroke. You notice their timing is off, and they appear to be struggling to get their arms out of the water for the recovery. What is the most likely cause of this issue?

The swimmer's head is lifting too late for the breath.
The swimmer is not pushing down and back with their hands during the pull.
The swimmer is kicking too hard.
The swimmer is performing only one kick per arm cycle. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The swimmer is performing only one kick per arm cycle.

The butterfly stroke requires two kicks for each arm cycle. The first kick occurs as the hands enter the water, and the second, more propulsive kick occurs during the finish of the arm pull. This second kick provides the lift needed to help the upper body and arms clear the water for recovery. A single kick per cycle removes this critical lifting force, making recovery difficult.

Question 9: Swimming lessons are the only way to ensure that a child will not drown.

False (Correct answer)
True

Correct answer: False

"Explanation: Swimming lessons can significantly reduce the risk of drowning, but they do not guarantee that a child will not drown. Other factors such as supervision, water safety knowledge, and physical abilities also play a crucial role in preventing drowning incidents. Therefore, while swimming lessons are important, they alone cannot ensure that a child will not drown."

Question 10: A Water Safety Instructor is teaching a student the importance of a streamlined push-off from the wall. Which type of drag is most significantly reduced by maintaining a tight, streamlined position during a glide?

Frictional Drag
Wave Drag
Propulsive Drag
Form Drag (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Form Drag

Form drag (or pressure drag) is the resistance created by a swimmer's shape and cross-sectional surface area as they move through the water. A tight streamline minimizes this surface area, allowing the swimmer to cut through the water more efficiently, thus reducing form drag. While other drags exist, form drag is the most profoundly impacted by body position and shape.

Question 11: If you have a pool, which of these are appropriate barriers and should be in place around the pool?

Exit alarms on doors
Locks on doors and windows that face the pool
All of the above (Correct answer)
Pool alarm
A 5-foot high self-closing and self-latching fence enclosing the entire pool area

Correct answer: All of the above

Explanation: All of the above options are appropriate barriers and should be in place around the pool. A 5-foot-high self-closing and self-latching fence will physically prevent unauthorized access to the pool area. A pool alarm can alert individuals if someone enters the pool without supervision. Locks on doors and windows facing the pool can prevent accidental or unauthorized entry. Exit alarms on doors can notify adults if a child or someone else tries to leave the house and access the pool area. Having all of these barriers in place ensures maximum safety and helps prevent accidents or drownings in the pool.

Question 12: During a breaststroke, the power phase of the kick should ideally be timed to occur:

immediately after the hands begin to press outward in the pull.
simultaneously with the arm insweep.
as the arms are extending forward into the glide. (Correct answer)
during the glide phase after the arms have recovered.

Correct answer: as the arms are extending forward into the glide.

The correct sequence for the breaststroke is often described as "Pull, Breathe, Kick, Glide." The propulsive force from the whip kick occurs as the arms are recovering and extending forward, driving the body into the streamlined glide phase.

Question 13: A WSI is working with an 8-year-old student who is extremely fearful and refuses to put their face in the water. Verbal encouragement has not been effective. What is the MOST appropriate next step?

Have the student watch other participants successfully submerge from the side of the pool.
Tell the student they cannot continue the class until they put their face in.
Introduce a game, such as blowing bubbles to move a ping pong ball, to make the experience playful and less intimidating. (Correct answer)
Physically guide the student's head into the water to show them it is safe.

Correct answer: Introduce a game, such as blowing bubbles to move a ping pong ball, to make the experience playful and less intimidating.

For an anxious learner, the best approach is to reframe the activity in a positive, non-threatening way. Using a game shifts the focus from the fear-inducing action (submerging) to a fun objective (moving a toy). This builds trust and positive association with the water. Applying pressure or physical force is counterproductive and can increase fear, while passive observation may not be engaging enough to overcome the anxiety.

Question 14: A Water Safety Instructor observes a swimmer whose head lifts excessively high during every breath in the front crawl, causing their hips to drop. Which of the following is the most effective cue to correct this error?

"Take a bigger breath so you don't have to lift your head as high."
"Pull your arm through the water faster."
"Keep one eye and one ear in the water when you breathe." (Correct answer)
"Kick harder to keep your hips up."

Correct answer: "Keep one eye and one ear in the water when you breathe."

Lifting the head to breathe causes the hips and legs to sink, creating significant drag. The correct technique involves rotating the head to the side with the body, keeping the head in line with the spine. The cue "Keep one eye and one ear in the water" encourages this rotation rather than an inefficient lifting motion.

Question 15: An instructor has a new student with a physical disability that limits the use of their legs. When adapting the front crawl, the instructor's primary focus should be on:

Requiring the student to use a pull buoy in place of their kick for all swimming.
Placing the student in a lower-level class until their kick improves.
Insisting on repetitive flutter kick drills to strengthen the legs.
Maximizing propulsion from the arm pull and encouraging an effective body roll. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Maximizing propulsion from the arm pull and encouraging an effective body roll.

The core principle of adapting strokes is to focus on the swimmer's abilities. For a swimmer with limited leg use, the power will come from their upper body. The instructor should focus on developing a strong arm pull, proper hand entry, and an efficient body roll to maximize propulsion. Insisting on a weak kick (C) or placing them in a lower level (D) is inappropriate and discouraging. While a pull buoy (A) can be a tool, it shouldn't be the only method used, as the goal is to integrate all available body movements.

Question 16: Which factor most significantly affects the appropriate swimmer-to-lifeguard ratio at an aquatic facility?

The skill level and age of swimmers and the complexity of the aquatic environment (Correct answer)
The number of instructors teaching lessons in the water
The size of the pool in square feet only
The time of day and ambient air temperature

Correct answer: The skill level and age of swimmers and the complexity of the aquatic environment

Skill level, age, and environmental complexity (e.g., water depth, pool shape, visibility) are the most critical factors in determining safe supervision ratios.

Question 17: What is the primary purpose of using songs and games in an American Red Cross Parent and Child Aquatics lesson?

To assess the child's cognitive development and ability to follow directions.
To create a fun, engaging, and relaxed learning environment for both the parent and child. (Correct answer)
To ensure children expend enough energy to be tired after the lesson.
To provide a structured way to teach advanced swimming strokes.

Correct answer: To create a fun, engaging, and relaxed learning environment for both the parent and child.

In Parent and Child Aquatics, the focus is on water adjustment and creating a positive, enjoyable experience. Songs and games are key teaching tools used to make learning fun, reduce anxiety, and encourage participation in basic aquatic skills like blowing bubbles, kicking, and floating in a playful manner.

Question 18: According to Archimedes' principle, the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in water is equal to the:

Volume of the water.
Weight of the water the body displaces. (Correct answer)
Mass of the body.
Density of the body.

Correct answer: Weight of the water the body displaces.

Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on a submerged or floating object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This principle explains why people float and is a fundamental concept in hydrodynamics.

Question 19: A student with a developmental disability, such as autism spectrum disorder, becomes easily overstimulated by noise and activity. Which modification is BEST suited to support this learner in a group lesson?

Using a loud whistle to ensure the student hears instructions over the background noise.
Positioning the student in a quieter corner or lane of the pool, away from splashing and chatter. (Correct answer)
Encouraging the student to work with multiple different partners during the class.
Frequently introducing new and exciting activities to keep the student engaged.

Correct answer: Positioning the student in a quieter corner or lane of the pool, away from splashing and chatter.

For learners who are sensitive to sensory input, reducing overstimulation is key. Placing the student in a calmer area of the pool minimizes auditory and visual distractions, allowing them to focus on the lesson. Loud noises (A), unpredictability (C), and frequent social changes (D) can increase anxiety and sensory overload for many individuals with ASD.

Question 20: Which of the following describes a common mechanical error in the back crawl that reduces propulsion?

The kick originates from the hips with a relaxed ankle.
The arm enters the water with the pinky finger first.
The elbow bends and drops deep in the water during the pull. (Correct answer)
The body rolls from side to side with each arm stroke.

Correct answer: The elbow bends and drops deep in the water during the pull.

In the back crawl, dropping the elbow during the pull (power phase) reduces the effective surface area of the hand and forearm pushing against the water. A correct pull maintains a high elbow position, allowing the swimmer to "catch" more water and generate greater force.

Question 21: A WSI is conducting a class and notices a group of children repeatedly hyperventilating before attempting to swim underwater for distance. What is the most important and immediate action the instructor should take?

Ignore the behavior unless a child shows signs of distress
Encourage the behavior as a way to build lung capacity
Time the children to see who can hold their breath the longest
Stop the activity immediately and explain the risks of shallow water blackout (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Stop the activity immediately and explain the risks of shallow water blackout

Hyperventilating before swimming underwater depletes the body's carbon dioxide levels. This can bypass the body's natural urge to breathe, leading to a loss of consciousness in the water, known as shallow water blackout. A WSI's primary responsibility is safety, which requires immediately stopping this dangerous behavior and educating the participants.

Question 22: An instructor notices a student seems to understand skills best only after physically trying the movement, rather than just listening to an explanation or watching a demonstration. This student is most likely what type of learner?

Visual
Analytical
Auditory
Kinesthetic (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Kinesthetic

Kinesthetic learners, also known as tactile learners, learn best by doing. They internalize information through physical practice, movement, and hands-on experience. An instructor can support this by using guided practice and allowing the student to feel the motions. Auditory learners prefer listening, while visual learners prefer watching.

Question 23: When teaching a student who is deaf or hard of hearing, which of the following is an essential communication strategy for the WSI to employ?

Establishing clear, consistent visual cues and demonstrating every skill. (Correct answer)
Relying on a parent or aide to interpret all instructions.
Speaking very loudly and slowly while facing the student.
Using a whiteboard to write down every instruction during the lesson.

Correct answer: Establishing clear, consistent visual cues and demonstrating every skill.

Since hearing aids and cochlear implants are often removed for swimming, verbal communication is unreliable. The most effective strategy is to use non-verbal communication. Demonstrating skills, using hand signals, and establishing visual cues (like a thumbs-up for 'good' or a point to the eyes for 'watch me') ensures the student understands instructions directly from the WSI. Shouting distorts lip patterns, a whiteboard is impractical in the water, and relying solely on an interpreter can hinder building rapport.

Question 24: What does EAP stand for in the context of aquatic facility management?

Enhanced Aquatic Procedure
Emergency Action Plan (Correct answer)
Evacuation Assessment Protocol
Emergency Alert Program

Correct answer: Emergency Action Plan

EAP stands for Emergency Action Plan, a written document outlining staff roles and procedures during aquatic emergencies.

Question 25: What does WHALE tales stand for and what is the objective of Whales Tales?

Water Habits Are Learned Easily; encourage children to develop healthy water habits
Water Health And Lifesaving Education; promote water conservation efforts
Water Habits Are Learned Early; help children learn safe behaviors in, on, and around the water (Correct answer)
Water Health And Lifesaving Easy; teach children about marine biology

Correct answer: Water Habits Are Learned Early; help children learn safe behaviors in, on, and around the water

Explanation: WHALE Tales stands for Water Habits Are Learned Early. Its objective is to educate children about water safety and promote safe behaviors in, on, and around the water.

Question 26: What is the role of a chain of command in an aquatic Emergency Action Plan?

It establishes the order in which lifeguards are hired and trained each season
It defines who has authority and who communicates with whom during an emergency so response is coordinated (Correct answer)
It outlines the schedule for rotating lifeguard positions throughout the day
It determines which patrons will be allowed to re-enter the pool after an emergency

Correct answer: It defines who has authority and who communicates with whom during an emergency so response is coordinated

A chain of command prevents confusion during an emergency by clearly identifying decision-makers and communication paths among staff and external responders.

Question 27: A Water Safety Instructor is teaching the diving progression. Before allowing a student to attempt a standing dive from the side, they must first demonstrate proficiency with which prerequisite skill?

Treading water for one minute.
A flip turn and streamlined glide.
A shallow-angle dive from a diving board.
A dive from a kneeling position. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A dive from a kneeling position.

The American Red Cross Learn-to-Swim program follows a specific, safe progression for teaching diving. The sequence builds confidence and technique gradually, starting with seated dives, then progressing to kneeling dives, and then to compact and stride positions before attempting a full standing dive from the side.

Question 28: A swimmer is performing the front crawl with their head lifted too high. What is the most likely hydrodynamic consequence of this error?

It decreases wave drag around the head.
It generates greater propulsive lift.
It causes the hips and legs to drop, increasing form drag. (Correct answer)
It improves the body's center of buoyancy.

Correct answer: It causes the hips and legs to drop, increasing form drag.

Lifting the head high while swimming the front crawl disrupts the body's horizontal alignment. This action causes the hips and legs to drop lower in the water, which significantly increases the body's frontal surface area and, consequently, form drag. This makes swimming much less efficient.

Question 29: It is a good idea to chew gum while swimming.

True
False (Correct answer)

Correct answer: False

Explanation: Chewing gum while swimming is not a good idea because it can pose a choking hazard. While swimming, there is a risk of accidentally inhaling or swallowing the gum, which can obstruct the airway or cause digestive issues. Additionally, if the gum is not disposed of properly, it can contribute to water pollution. Therefore, it is not recommended to chew gum while swimming.

Question 30: A WSI is teaching a Preschool Aquatics Level 1 class. Which of the following skills is an exit skill requirement for this level?

Treading water for 15 seconds.
Entering independently, gliding on front for 2 body lengths, rolling to back and floating for 3 seconds. (Correct answer)
Performing the front crawl for 5 body lengths.
Jumping into chest-deep water independently.

Correct answer: Entering independently, gliding on front for 2 body lengths, rolling to back and floating for 3 seconds.

The exit skills for Preschool Aquatics Level 1 focus on foundational water comfort and safety. This includes independent entry, a short front glide, and the crucial skill of rolling to a back float for a brief period before recovering. The other skills listed are objectives for more advanced levels.

American Red Cross Water Safety Instructor (WSI) Certification

The WSI certification by the American Red Cross qualifies candidates to teach the Red Cross Swimming and Water Safety program, covering Learn-to-Swim levels, Parent and Child Aquatics, stroke mechanics, and adaptive instruction. Candidates must pass a 50-question written exam with a minimum score of 80% and demonstrate all required swimming and teaching skills.

Questions

60 min

Time Limit

80%

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