Earth and Human Activity Flashcards

A coastal community in Washington notices a significant increase in the frequency and size of harmful algal blooms in the nearby estuary, leading to 'dead zones' where fish cannot survive. Which human activity is the MOST likely cause of this phenomenon, known as eutrophication?

Answer: Runoff of fertilizers and animal waste from agricultural areas upstream.

Eutrophication is the process where a body of water becomes overly enriched with nutrients, leading to excessive growth of algae. When the algae die and decompose, the process consumes large amounts of dissolved oxygen, creating hypoxic 'dead zones' where aquatic life cannot survive. The primary source of these excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, is agricultural runoff containing fertilizers and animal waste.

Which of the following provides the MOST direct evidence that human activities are the primary driver of recent global warming?

Answer: The correlation between the sharp rise in global temperatures and the equally sharp rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Industrial Revolution.

While Earth's climate has natural cycles, the current rate of warming is unprecedented in the last 10,000 years. The most direct evidence linking this to human activity is the tight correlation between the measured increase in atmospheric CO2 since the 1800s (from burning fossil fuels) and the rise in global average temperatures. Isotopic analysis of atmospheric carbon confirms that the excess CO2 comes from burning fossil fuels, not natural sources.

A city located in a seismically active region of Washington State is updating its building codes to improve safety during an earthquake. Which engineering strategy would be most effective at mitigating damage to a new skyscraper?

Answer: Installing a base isolation system with lead-rubber bearings to absorb seismic energy.

Base isolation is a modern engineering technique designed to 'decouple' a building from its foundation during an earthquake. Flexible bearings, often made of lead and rubber, are installed in the foundation to absorb the seismic waves and allow the ground to move without transmitting the full force to the structure above. This significantly reduces shaking and mitigates damage.

The rise of 'green' technologies like electric vehicles and wind turbines has increased the demand for rare earth minerals. Which of the following is a significant negative environmental consequence associated with the mining of these minerals?

Answer: Contamination of soil and water with toxic and radioactive materials.

The extraction and processing of rare earth minerals are environmentally intensive. These processes often involve the use of toxic chemicals which can leak into groundwater and contaminate soil. Furthermore, rare earth ores are often found alongside radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, which can be released into the environment as waste, posing health and environmental risks.

According to multiple international scientific assessments, which human activity is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss globally?

Answer: Changes in land use, primarily for agricultural production.

While pollution, invasive species, and climate change are all significant threats, the primary driver of biodiversity loss to date has been land-use change, which results in habitat destruction and fragmentation. The conversion of natural habitats like forests and grasslands into farmland is the most significant form of this land-use change.

A community is debating a proposal to restore a large wetland area that was previously drained for development. Which of the following is the STRONGEST argument for undertaking the restoration project based on the ecosystem services wetlands provide?

Answer: Wetlands act as natural water purifiers and provide crucial flood control.

Wetlands provide numerous critical ecosystem services. They are particularly valuable for their ability to filter pollutants from water and to absorb large amounts of excess water from storms and snowmelt, thus acting as a natural buffer against flooding. Restoring a wetland brings back these essential functions, which benefit both the environment and human communities.