VTNE Cheat Sheet 2026

The 30 highest-yield VTNE facts, distilled from real exam questions. Print it, save it as a PDF, or study it here — free, no sign-up.

1. What is the term for the feline condition involving progressive destruction of tooth structure at or below the gumline? → Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL)
2. A dog is prescribed metronidazole 15 mg/kg PO BID. The dog weighs 22 lbs. How many milligrams per dose should be administered? → 150 mg
3. Which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is approved for use in cats in the United States for acute pain management? → Robenacoxib
4. A dog receives an accidental overdose of acepromazine. What is the most appropriate treatment? → Provide supportive care including IV fluids and vasopressors
5. A technician needs to perform a Gram stain on a bacterial smear. What is the correct sequence of reagents used in this differential staining procedure? → Crystal Violet, Iodine, Decolorizer, Safranin
6. The term 'regenerative anemia' in veterinary hematology means the bone marrow is responding by releasing: → Immature red blood cells (reticulocytes)
7. Which of the following is the MOST important factor in preventing surgical site infections (SSI)? → Proper patient skin preparation and aseptic technique
8. In CT imaging, Hounsfield units (HU) are used to describe tissue density. Which value most closely corresponds to fluid (water)? → 0 HU
9. Which nerve block technique would be MOST appropriate to provide dental analgesia for a maxillary canine tooth extraction in a dog? → Infraorbital nerve block
10. A cat presents with suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Which echocardiographic measurement is MOST important to obtain? → Left ventricular free wall thickness in diastole
11. What is the most likely interpretation if a blood sample shows marked lipemia on a serum chemistry panel? → Post-prandial state or hyperlipidemia disorder
12. What are the standard time, temperature, and pressure settings for sterilizing most routine surgical packs in a gravity-displacement steam autoclave? → 15 minutes at 121°C (250°F) and 15 psi
13. How many permanent teeth does an adult dog normally have? → 42
14. Which of the following is the primary reason for using a cuffed endotracheal tube in surgical patients under general anesthesia? → To prevent anesthetic gas leakage and protect the airway from aspiration
15. During a splenectomy, the circulating nurse notices a sponge count discrepancy. The CORRECT immediate action is to: → Notify the surgeon immediately so the body cavity can be searched
16. A 10 kg dog needs a CRI (constant rate infusion) of fentanyl at 5 mcg/kg/hr. How many mcg/hr should the infusion deliver? → 50 mcg/hr
17. What is the primary advantage of using ultrasound over radiography when evaluating a splenic mass in a dog? → Better soft tissue differentiation and vascularity assessment
18. A sample requiring immediate serum separation should ideally be centrifuged within how many minutes of collection? → 30 minutes
19. Which inhalant anesthetic has the highest blood:gas partition coefficient among those commonly used? → Halothane
20. When taking a radiograph of a rabbit's skull, which positioning is MOST important for a true lateral view? → Ensuring both tympanic bullae are superimposed
21. Which antiparasitic drug class works by causing irreversible opening of glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrates? → Macrocyclic lactones
22. When using a standard refractometer in a veterinary clinic, which two measurements are most commonly performed? → Urine specific gravity and total protein
23. Which drug class is used to treat heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) adulticide therapy in dogs? → Melarsomine
24. Which of the following describes the Guedel classification Stage III, Plane 2 of anesthesia? → Surgical anesthesia with regular respiration and loss of palpebral reflex
25. A radiograph of a dog's abdomen reveals a 'string of pearls' gas pattern in the small intestine. This is most consistent with: → Mechanical small intestinal obstruction
26. A veterinarian prescribes enalapril for a dog with congestive heart failure. What drug class does enalapril belong to? → ACE inhibitor
27. What is the purpose of using the ALARA principle in veterinary radiology? → To keep radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable
28. Which of the following correctly describes the effect of hypothermia on drug metabolism during anesthesia? → It prolongs the duration of anesthetic drugs by slowing metabolism
29. Which of the following is a requirement for legally maintaining controlled substance logs in a veterinary practice? → Records for Schedule II drugs must be kept separate from Schedules III, IV, and V.
30. A ferret undergoing anesthesia begins to show signs of hypoglycemia. Which condition is most commonly responsible for this complication in ferrets? → Insulinoma