Pathology Flashcards

Virchow's triad describes risk factors for thrombosis. Which factor represents endothelial injury?

Answer: Damaged vessel wall

Virchow's triad consists of endothelial injury (damaged vessel wall), abnormal blood flow (stasis/turbulence), and hypercoagulability; endothelial damage exposes subendothelial collagen.

Which cell type is most prominent in the early neutrophilic phase of acute inflammation?

Answer: Neutrophils

Neutrophils are the first responders in acute inflammation, arriving within hours via chemotaxis and phagocytosing bacteria and debris.

A biopsy of a cardiac valve shows fibrinous vegetations on both sides of the leaflets in a patient with rheumatic fever. What is the pathological term for these vegetations?

Answer: Aschoff bodies

Aschoff bodies are pathognomonic granulomatous lesions of rheumatic fever, containing multinucleated giant cells (Aschoff cells) and Anitschkow cells in the myocardium.

Which proto-oncogene, when amplified, is associated with poor prognosis in neuroblastoma?

Answer: N-MYC

N-MYC (MYCN) amplification in neuroblastoma is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis, classified as Stage 4S in infants.

A patient develops a saddle-shaped nose deformity, perforation of the nasal septum, and granulomatous inflammation. cANCA is positive. What is the diagnosis?

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's) causes necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract and glomerulonephritis, with positive cANCA (PR3-ANCA).

Which form of cell death is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation (pyknosis), membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies without inflammation?

Answer: Apoptosis

Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and apoptotic body formation without triggering inflammation.