Exam Flashcards

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Brachial artery

The brachial artery is the main artery of the upper arm, a continuation of the axillary artery. It is a crucial anatomical landmark for various medical procedures, including blood pressure measurement and arterial access. Its significant role in supplying blood to the forearm and hand makes it a frequently tested structure in anatomy and clinical contexts.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: 5α-reductase deficiency

5α-reductase deficiency is a disorder of sex development where testosterone cannot be converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is essential for the development of external male genitalia in utero. Individuals with this XY genetic makeup may present with ambiguous genitalia at birth, often virilizing at puberty due to increased testosterone.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Isospora belli

Isospora belli (now Cystoisospora belli) is an intestinal parasite known to cause isosporiasis, a diarrheal illness. It is particularly associated with chronic, watery diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Diagnosis involves identifying oocysts in stool, and treatment typically uses trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Creatinine clearance

Creatinine clearance is the most commonly used clinical measure to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which reflects overall kidney function. It quantifies the volume of blood plasma cleared of creatinine per unit time. This provides a practical and relatively accurate assessment of how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: CA-125

CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125) is a tumor marker primarily used in the management of ovarian cancer. Elevated levels are often found in women with epithelial ovarian cancer, and it is utilized for monitoring treatment response and detecting recurrence. While not specific enough for definitive diagnosis alone, it is a valuable tool in conjunction with imaging and clinical evaluation.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Lower esophageal sphincter

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a physiological sphincter, not an anatomical one, formed by the muscularis propria of the distal esophagus and the surrounding diaphragm. Its primary function is to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. Dysfunction of the LES is a common cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

The head of the pancreas and the duodenum receive their primary arterial supply from the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, while the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery branches from the superior mesenteric artery. These two arteries form an important anastomotic network, ensuring robust blood flow to this vital region.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Amitriptyline

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) known for its potent anticholinergic, antihistaminic, and alpha-adrenergic blocking properties. It is commonly used for depression, neuropathic pain, and migraine prophylaxis. Its side effect profile includes sedation, dry mouth, constipation, and orthostatic hypotension due to these receptor interactions.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Superior segment of the right lower lobe

Aspiration pneumonia commonly affects the dependent lung segments due to gravity. In an upright or semi-recumbent position, the superior segment of the right lower lobe is the most common site for aspiration. If a patient is supine, the posterior segments of the upper lobes or the superior segments of the lower lobes are more likely to be affected.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common component of normal skin flora and is a frequent cause of infections associated with indwelling medical devices like prosthetic joints, catheters, and heart valves. It produces a biofilm that allows it to adhere to these surfaces and resist antibiotics. Unlike S. aureus, it is coagulase-negative.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Von Gierke disease

Von Gierke disease (Type I glycogen storage disease) is caused by a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme crucial for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. This leads to severe fasting hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and hepatomegaly due to glycogen accumulation. Patients often present with a "doll-like" face and growth retardation.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: “I left your mother, I didn’t leave you.”

When parents divorce, children often internalize the separation, feeling responsible or abandoned. Reassuring a child that the parent is not leaving them personally, but rather the other parent, helps to alleviate feelings of guilt and abandonment. This statement validates the child's feelings while clarifying the nature of the parental separation.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Pasteurella multocida is a common bacterium found in the oral flora of cats and dogs. It is a frequent cause of infection following animal bites or scratches, leading to rapidly developing cellulitis, osteomyelitis, or septic arthritis. The infection typically presents with erythema, swelling, and pain at the bite site within 24 hours.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the colon, characterized by continuous inflammation that typically starts in the rectum and extends proximally. It involves only the mucosa and submucosa, leading to symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tenesmus. Crypt abscesses are a characteristic histological finding.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: uniparental disomy

Uniparental disomy (UPD) occurs when an individual receives both copies of a chromosome, or part of a chromosome, from a single parent. If the chromosome involved carries imprinted genes, UPD can lead to genetic disorders like Prader-Willi or Angelman syndrome, even without a mutation, due to incorrect dosage of imprinted genes.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease, also known as Goodpasture syndrome, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies targeting type IV collagen in the glomerular and often alveolar basement membranes. This leads to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage, presenting as hemoptysis and acute kidney injury.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Malignant mixed mullerian tumor

Malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT), also known as carcinosarcoma, is a highly aggressive uterine malignancy containing both malignant epithelial (carcinomatous) and malignant mesenchymal (sarcomatous) components. It typically presents in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and has a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and high recurrence rate.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Neural crest

Neural crest cells are multipotent migratory cells that originate from the neural folds during embryonic development. They contribute to a wide array of tissues and cell types throughout the body, including the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, adrenal medulla, and many craniofacial structures. Their extensive migratory capacity makes them crucial for diverse developmental processes.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Vascular resistance in the lower body

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta, typically distal to the left subclavian artery. This narrowing significantly increases the vascular resistance in the lower body, leading to decreased blood flow and pressure in the lower extremities while increasing blood pressure in the upper extremities. The body compensates by developing collateral circulation.

Choose the correct answer

Answer: Serum alkaline phosphatase

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues, including bone, liver, and placenta. Elevated ALP levels, particularly the bone isoenzyme, are a sensitive indicator of increased osteoblastic activity. This makes it a useful marker for conditions involving increased bone turnover, such as metastatic bone disease, Paget's disease, and osteomalacia.