Verbal Reasoning Flashcards

'All effective leaders communicate clearly. Maria communicates clearly.' What follows logically?

Answer: Maria may or may not be an effective leader

The first premise says all effective leaders communicate clearly, not that all clear communicators are effective leaders. Maria's clear communication is necessary but may not be sufficient.

A passage discusses falling GP numbers and rising patient waiting times. The author concludes the NHS needs more GPs. Which best evaluates this?

Answer: The conclusion is supported but other causes of waiting times should also be considered

The evidence supports the conclusion partially, but waiting times could also be affected by administrative inefficiency, funding, or patient demand — a balanced evaluation notes this.

'Studies show reading fiction improves empathy.' A student concludes: 'I should read more fiction to become a better doctor.' Is this conclusion valid?

Answer: Partially valid — empathy is relevant to medicine, but other factors also matter

The leap is reasonable since empathy is clinically relevant, but the conclusion overstates the evidence by implying fiction alone improves medical performance.

Passage: 'Young people spend 7 hours a day on screens. Mental health problems in young people have increased.' The author implies screens cause mental health problems. Which best challenges this?

Answer: Young people with mental health problems may use screens more as a coping mechanism

Reverse causation — that mental health problems lead to more screen use — is a direct challenge to the causal direction the author implies.

A medical text states: 'Informed consent requires that patients understand the risks.' A patient signs a consent form without understanding the risks. What is true?

Answer: Valid informed consent has not been obtained

According to the definition given, understanding is a necessary condition for valid informed consent. Signing without understanding fails to meet this requirement.

'No politician can be trusted because they all seek power.' This argument commits which flaw?

Answer: Hasty generalisation — it applies a claim about motivation to all politicians without sufficient evidence

Claiming ALL politicians are untrustworthy based on a single motive attributed to all is a hasty generalisation — it over-extends a premise without adequate individual evidence.