STP Research Methods 2

Question 1

A researcher wants to minimize confounding variables in a clinical study. Which study design is MOST effective for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

Randomized controlled trial

Answer

Randomized controlled trials use random allocation to distribute confounders equally across groups, making them the gold standard for minimizing confounding.

Question 2

In a research study, internal validity refers to:

Accepted Answer

The degree to which findings are free from bias within the study

Answer

Internal validity refers to the confidence that observed effects are due to the intervention rather than confounding or bias within the study itself.

Question 3

Which sampling method is most appropriate when a researcher needs to ensure representation of several distinct subgroups within a population?

Accepted Answer

Stratified random sampling

Answer

Stratified random sampling divides the population into subgroups (strata) and randomly samples from each, ensuring all subgroups are represented.

Question 4

The Hawthorne effect in research describes:

Accepted Answer

Participants changing behavior because they know they are being observed

Answer

The Hawthorne effect occurs when participants alter their behavior simply because they are aware they are being studied, potentially biasing results.

Question 5

A p-value of 0.03 in a hypothesis test means:

Accepted Answer

The probability of obtaining results this extreme, if H₀ is true, is 3%

Answer

A p-value represents the probability of observing results at least as extreme as those obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

(STP) Scientist Training Programme Practice Test

(STP) Scientist Training Programme Practice Test

STP Research Methods 2