Logical Reasoning & Argument Analysis Flashcards

An author writes: 'Since the new policy was introduced, crime fell. Therefore the policy caused the drop.' What flaw does this contain?

Answer: Confusing correlation with causation

Assuming one event caused another simply because it preceded it is a correlation-causation flaw.

Which choice best identifies the unstated assumption in: 'He must be wealthy because he drives an expensive car'?

Answer: Only wealthy people drive expensive cars

The argument depends on the assumption that owning an expensive car implies wealth.

A passage claims a study proves coffee improves memory, but the study had only five participants. Which response most weakens the claim?

Answer: The sample is too small to generalize

A tiny sample undermines the reliability of broad conclusions.

Which statement is a counterexample to the claim 'All birds can fly'?

Answer: Penguins are birds that cannot fly

A flightless bird like a penguin directly disproves the universal claim.

An argument concludes a town should ban skateboards because 'skateboards are dangerous.' What additional premise is most needed?

Answer: Dangerous activities should be banned

The conclusion only follows if dangerous things ought to be banned.

Which of the following is an example of a circular argument?

Answer: The law is just because it is the law

A circular argument uses its conclusion as its own justification.

A writer dismisses a scientist's climate data by noting the scientist once failed a class. This is which fallacy?

Answer: Ad hominem

Attacking the person rather than the evidence is an ad hominem fallacy.