1. B
The posterior tibial artery is typically used with the dorsalis pedis artery for ABI measurement.

2. C
60 degrees is optimal for accurate Doppler velocity measurements.

3. C
Color Doppler is used to detect presence and direction of flow.

4. D
The internal carotid artery supplies the majority of blood to the brain.

5. B
Tardus-parvus waveforms suggest a proximal arterial stenosis.

6. A
Phasicity in veins reflects changes with respiration.

7. C
A normal ABI is 0.9–1.3.

8. B
Spectral broadening indicates turbulence, often from stenosis.

9. C
Posterior tibial vein is a deep vein of the leg.

10. B
Plethysmography cannot evaluate vessel patency directly.

11. A
Venous reflux results from incompetent venous valves.

12. B
Perforator veins connect superficial veins to deep veins.

13. C
High-frequency (7–10 MHz) probes are best for superficial imaging.

14. A
Linear array transducers are commonly used in vascular studies.

15. A
The popliteal artery is a continuation of the femoral artery.

16. B
Normal peripheral arteries demonstrate biphasic or triphasic waveforms.

17. C
Plaque most often forms at the carotid bulb and bifurcation.

18. C
Duplex ultrasound is the most accurate test for DVT.

19. B
A positive Doppler shift occurs when blood moves toward the transducer.

20. C
Digital subtraction angiography is the gold standard for PAD.

21. A
Subclavian steal causes reversed vertebral flow.

22. B
Vessel diameter is key for volume flow calculations.

23. A
The peroneal artery supplies the lateral leg and foot.

24. B
Pulmonary embolism is the most serious complication of DVT.

25. B
End-diastolic velocity >100 cm/s indicates >70% ICA stenosis.

26. B
The cephalic vein drains into the axillary vein.

27. B
Non-compressible veins with intraluminal echoes indicate acute DVT.

28. C
The internal jugular vein carries most venous drainage from the brain.

29. C
IVUS offers the highest spatial resolution of vessel walls.

30. D
ABI testing before and after exercise is useful for arterial insufficiency.

31. C
The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery.

32. D
Increased hydration reduces, not increases, risk for DVT.

33. C
Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis.

34. C
The great saphenous vein is most often affected by varicosities.

35. B
Absence of Doppler or color flow suggests total occlusion.

36. B
The great saphenous vein is commonly harvested for CABG.

37. A
The left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch.

38. C
The Doppler effect explains frequency shifts with motion.

39. A
Venous insufficiency causes swelling, pain, and skin changes.

40. B
Compression maneuvers with Doppler are a direct way to evaluate reflux.