NCRA Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) Written Knowledge Test — Questions and Answers

Question 1: How should a transcript reflect simultaneous crosstalk between two attorneys?

Note '(Simultaneous crosstalk.)' and then report what could be discerned (Correct answer)
Transcribe only the attorney who began speaking first
Assign each speaker to separate columns
Skip the passage and insert [UNINTELLIGIBLE]

Correct answer: Note '(Simultaneous crosstalk.)' and then report what could be discerned

Crosstalk is noted parenthetically and any intelligible portions are transcribed as accurately as possible.

Question 2: When a deponent wishes to make changes to their deposition transcript after reviewing it, which document is used?

An errata sheet (Correct answer)
An amendment notice
A correction certificate
A supplemental affidavit

Correct answer: An errata sheet

An errata sheet lists the specific page and line numbers of any changes the deponent wishes to make to the transcript record.

Question 3: Which medical term refers to the surgical removal of the appendix?

Appendostomy
Appendolysis
Appendoplasty
Appendectomy (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Appendectomy

An appendectomy is the surgical procedure to remove the appendix, often due to appendicitis.

Question 4: Which technology is commonly used by RPRs to ensure accurate transcription of proceedings?

Stenotype machines (Correct answer)
Handwritten notes
Voice recognition software
Digital dictation devices

Correct answer: Stenotype machines

Stenotype machines are the primary technology used by RPRs for accurate transcription. These specialized keyboards allow reporters to type phonetic codes at very high speeds, often exceeding 200 words per minute. The phonetic input is then translated into readable English text by computer software, forming the basis of the official transcript.

Question 5: What is a 'continuance' in a legal proceeding?

A ruling that allows a case to proceed to trial
An order to continue presenting evidence
A postponement of a scheduled court date to a later time (Correct answer)
The resumption of testimony after a lunch break

Correct answer: A postponement of a scheduled court date to a later time

A continuance postpones a court proceeding to a future date, often granted for good cause.

Question 6: During literary dictation, what should an RPR do if they miss a word or phrase?

Stop the dictation to ask for clarification
Indicate the omission with a placeholder (Correct answer)
Guess the missing word or phrase
Skip it and move on

Correct answer: Indicate the omission with a placeholder

During literary dictation, if an RPR misses a word or phrase, they must never guess or attempt to fill in the blank. Instead, the correct procedure is to indicate the omission with a placeholder, such as a blank line or a notation like '(inaudible)'. This maintains the integrity of the transcript by clearly showing what was not captured, rather than introducing potential inaccuracies.

Question 7: Which is the correct way to transcribe a dollar amount stated as 'four hundred and fifty thousand dollars'?

$450,000 (Correct answer)
$450 thousand
Four hundred and fifty thousand dollars
$450.000

Correct answer: $450,000

Legal transcripts and standard style use numerical format with dollar signs for monetary amounts.

Question 8: What is one of the best practices for ensuring the accuracy of a transcript?

Using transcription software without manual review
Proofreading and verifying the transcript against the audio recording (Correct answer)
Relying solely on memory to fill in gaps
Typing the transcript as quickly as possible

Correct answer: Proofreading and verifying the transcript against the audio recording

One of the best practices for ensuring the accuracy of a transcript is thorough proofreading and verification against the original audio recording. After the initial transcription, the RPR meticulously reviews the written text while listening to the audio, correcting any errors in spelling, punctuation, or missed words. This meticulous process guarantees a precise and reliable record of the proceedings.

Question 9: How should a court reporter indicate laughter during proceedings?

By writing '[EMOTIONAL RESPONSE]'
With a parenthetical notation: '(Laughter.)' (Correct answer)
By spelling it out: 'Ha ha ha.'
It should be omitted as non-verbal

Correct answer: With a parenthetical notation: '(Laughter.)'

Non-verbal occurrences like laughter are captured with parenthetical notations in the transcript.

Question 10: What minimum speed must candidates demonstrate on the RPR skills component?

250 words per minute
200 words per minute
225 words per minute (Correct answer)
180 words per minute

Correct answer: 225 words per minute

RPR candidates must demonstrate the ability to write at 225 words per minute with 95% accuracy.

Question 11: In a deposition transcript, how is an 'off the record' remark typically indicated?

With a notation such as '(Off the record.)' or '(Discussion off the record.)' (Correct answer)
By using the notation [REDACTED]
By simply omitting the comment entirely with no notation
By enclosing the remark in double parentheses

Correct answer: With a notation such as '(Off the record.)' or '(Discussion off the record.)'

An off-the-record notation in parentheses preserves the transparency of the transcript without recording the actual content.

Question 12: Which NCRA certification is a prerequisite for the Registered Diplomate Reporter (RDR) credential?

The RPR (Registered Professional Reporter) (Correct answer)
The CLVS (Certified Legal Video Specialist)
The CCRR (Certified Court Reporter of Record)
The CRI (Certified Realtime Instructor)

Correct answer: The RPR (Registered Professional Reporter)

Candidates must hold an active RPR before sitting for the more advanced RDR examination.

Question 13: What does 'hematology' study?

The study of the kidneys and urinary tract
The study of the liver and its diseases
The study of blood and blood-forming tissues (Correct answer)
The study of the heart and cardiovascular system

Correct answer: The study of blood and blood-forming tissues

Hematology is the branch of medicine concerned with blood disorders and diseases.

Question 14: What does the NCRA define as a 'conflict of interest' for a court reporter?

A situation where two attorneys disagree about the transcript
A preference for one law firm's transcript formatting requirements
Any relationship or financial interest that could impair or appear to impair the reporter's impartiality (Correct answer)
Any case involving a relative who is an attorney

Correct answer: Any relationship or financial interest that could impair or appear to impair the reporter's impartiality

A conflict of interest for a reporter includes any personal or financial tie that could affect their objectivity.

Question 15: What is the medical term for high blood pressure?

Arrhythmia
Hypotension
Hypertension (Correct answer)
Tachycardia

Correct answer: Hypertension

Hypertension is the medical term for consistently elevated arterial blood pressure.

Question 16: When must an RPR-credentialed reporter notify NCRA of a felony conviction?

Within 30 days of the conviction (Correct answer)
Only if the conviction is work-related
There is no requirement to disclose criminal convictions
At the next renewal period

Correct answer: Within 30 days of the conviction

NCRA bylaws require credentialed members to report felony convictions promptly, within 30 days.

Question 17: What does the NCRA style guide recommend for transcribing profanity spoken in testimony?

Replace with dashes or asterisks
Transcribe it verbatim exactly as spoken (Correct answer)
Paraphrase it with a note
Omit it from the record entirely

Correct answer: Transcribe it verbatim exactly as spoken

Verbatim accuracy requires transcribing all words spoken in testimony, including profanity.

Question 18: What does 'MRI' stand for in medical imaging?

Medical Radiological Imaging
Multi-Radiation Inspection
Molecular Resonance Indicator
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body's internal structures.

Question 19: What is the primary purpose of the signature/certificate page at the end of a deposition transcript?

To summarize the key factual points established during the testimony
To list all attorney appearances and their bar numbers
To certify that the reporter holds a valid state license
For the deponent to sign, confirming the transcript is accurate or noting changes via errata (Correct answer)

Correct answer: For the deponent to sign, confirming the transcript is accurate or noting changes via errata

The certificate page is where the deponent signs to confirm the transcript accurately reflects their testimony or to indicate that an errata sheet of changes has been submitted.

Question 20: When a witness spells out a word during testimony, how should it appear in a transcript?

In all capitals: THOMAS
Written out as 'He spelled the name Thomas'
In brackets: [Thomas, spelled]
Exactly as spelled, with hyphens between each letter: T-H-O-M-A-S (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Exactly as spelled, with hyphens between each letter: T-H-O-M-A-S

When a witness spells aloud, each letter is transcribed separated by hyphens to reflect exactly what was said.

Question 21: What is the NCRA's 'TRAIN' program in the context of reporter professional development?

A program for reporters transitioning to captioning work
A stenography speed-training software application
A mentorship and continuing education platform for court reporters (Correct answer)
A federal training program for government court reporters

Correct answer: A mentorship and continuing education platform for court reporters

NCRA's TRAIN program provides continuing education resources and professional development for court reporters.

Question 22: What is 'realtime' reporting in the context of court reporting?

A type of audio-assisted transcription completed in real time
Reporting conducted without preparation or review time
A reporting method that eliminates the need for a written transcript
The instantaneous display of a stenographic translation on a screen as the reporter writes (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The instantaneous display of a stenographic translation on a screen as the reporter writes

Realtime reporting displays a translated transcript on connected devices simultaneously as the reporter writes.

Question 23: What is a 'subpoena duces tecum'?

A summons requiring personal appearance in court
A court order granting immunity
An order to cease and desist an action
A command to produce documents or physical evidence (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A command to produce documents or physical evidence

A subpoena duces tecum orders a party to bring specified documents or records to court.

Question 24: Which punctuation is correct when a speaker trails off mid-thought in testimony?

Ellipsis: 'I thought that maybe ...' (Correct answer)
Parenthetical note: 'I thought that maybe (pause).'
Em dash: 'I thought that maybe —'
A period: 'I thought that maybe.'

Correct answer: Ellipsis: 'I thought that maybe ...'

An ellipsis indicates a trailing off or pause, while a dash indicates an abrupt interruption.

Question 25: What is the purpose of 'finger drills' in speed-building practice?

To improve typing speed on a standard QWERTY keyboard
To build muscle memory and stroke accuracy for common word combinations (Correct answer)
To practice switching between different steno machines
To strengthen physical finger endurance for long sessions

Correct answer: To build muscle memory and stroke accuracy for common word combinations

Finger drills develop automaticity and muscle memory so common strokes require no conscious thought.

Question 26: Which of the following tools is most commonly used by RPRs to capture spoken words in shorthand?

Voice recognition software
QWERTY keyboard
Digital audio recorder
Stenotype machine (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Stenotype machine

The stenotype machine is the specialized tool predominantly used by Registered Professional Reporters (RPRs) to capture spoken words in shorthand. Unlike a standard keyboard, it features a limited number of keys that allow reporters to press multiple keys simultaneously to create phonetic codes. This method enables the rapid and accurate recording of dialogue at high speeds during legal proceedings.

Question 27: What is a stipulation in the context of a deposition proceeding?

A legal brief summarizing the key testimony taken
An agreement between the parties regarding deposition procedures, made on the record (Correct answer)
A formal objection made by an attorney to a specific question
A court order requiring a witness to appear

Correct answer: An agreement between the parties regarding deposition procedures, made on the record

A stipulation is an on-the-record agreement between counsel about procedural matters such as how the transcript will be handled or objections reserved.

Question 28: When a deposition is both stenographically recorded and videotaped, what is the court reporter's role?

The court reporter operates the video equipment instead of taking notes
The court reporter still takes stenographic notes alongside the video to create the official written transcript (Correct answer)
The court reporter only transcribes from the video after the deposition ends
The court reporter is replaced entirely by the videographer

Correct answer: The court reporter still takes stenographic notes alongside the video to create the official written transcript

Even when a deposition is videotaped, a court reporter typically attends and creates a stenographic record, which serves as the official certified written transcript.

Question 29: According to the RPR Code of Ethics, how should a reporter handle confidential information obtained during the course of their work?

Disclose it only if asked by a friend
Post it on social media for transparency
Keep it strictly confidential and secure (Correct answer)
Share it with colleagues for advice

Correct answer: Keep it strictly confidential and secure

According to the RPR Code of Ethics, reporters are bound by a strict duty of confidentiality regarding all information obtained during their work. This means they must not disclose any sensitive or private details to unauthorized parties and must take all necessary steps to secure digital and physical records. Maintaining confidentiality is paramount to protecting the privacy of individuals and the integrity of legal proceedings.

Question 30: What should a court reporter do when a witness objects to taking an oath on religious grounds?

Suspend the deposition pending a court ruling
Dismiss the witness from the deposition
Allow the witness to make a solemn affirmation instead (Correct answer)
Require the witness to take the standard oath regardless

Correct answer: Allow the witness to make a solemn affirmation instead

Witnesses who object to a religious oath may make a solemn affirmation, which carries the same legal weight as an oath.

Question 31: When practicing to reach 225 wpm, what does 'pyramiding' refer to as a training technique?

Increasing session length gradually over days
Practicing progressively harder vocabulary within the same speed
Stacking multiple briefs into single strokes
Practicing a passage starting slowly, building speed, then stepping back down (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Practicing a passage starting slowly, building speed, then stepping back down

Pyramiding builds confidence and accuracy by incrementally reaching and retreating from target speeds.

Question 32: Which term describes the person who gives testimony during a deposition?

Deponent (Correct answer)
Appellant
Amicus
Respondent

Correct answer: Deponent

A deponent is the individual who provides sworn testimony in a deposition.

Question 33: What is the function of the 'myocardium'?

It is the valve that controls blood flow to the aorta
It is the chamber that receives blood from the lungs
It is the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood (Correct answer)
It is the outer protective lining of the heart

Correct answer: It is the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood

The myocardium is the heart muscle that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

Question 34: What does 'CAT software' stand for in court reporting technology?

Computer-Aided Transcription software (Correct answer)
Certified Automated Typing software
Computerized Accuracy Testing software
Court Automated Translation software

Correct answer: Computer-Aided Transcription software

CAT software translates stenographic strokes into readable text automatically in real time or during playback.

Question 35: What is the standard line-per-page count for a formatted deposition transcript?

20 lines per page
25 lines per page (Correct answer)
30 lines per page
40 lines per page

Correct answer: 25 lines per page

The industry standard for formatted legal transcripts is 25 lines per page.

Question 36: Under NCRA guidelines, what must a reporter do before agreeing to provide services if a potential conflict exists?

Disclose the conflict to all parties and obtain their consent or decline the assignment (Correct answer)
Request that a supervisor make the decision on their behalf
Proceed normally as long as the conflict is minor
Simply inform the judge before the proceeding begins

Correct answer: Disclose the conflict to all parties and obtain their consent or decline the assignment

Full disclosure to all parties and obtaining consent is required before proceeding with a conflicted assignment.

Question 37: Which component of the RPR exam tests knowledge of professional practices, transcription, and ethics?

The written knowledge component (Correct answer)
The practical simulation test
The oral examination
The peer review component

Correct answer: The written knowledge component

The written knowledge examination tests a reporter's understanding of professional standards, law, and transcription practices.

Question 38: Which organization administers the RPR (Registered Professional Reporter) certification?

National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) (Correct answer)
American Association of Professional Reporters (AAPR)
National Stenography Certification Board (NSCB)
Federal Court Reporters Guild (FCRG)

Correct answer: National Court Reporters Association (NCRA)

The NCRA administers the RPR and all other professional court reporting certifications in the US.

Question 39: What is the role of a 'court reporter' during trial proceedings?

To create a verbatim transcript of all spoken words in the proceeding (Correct answer)
To manage exhibits and document filing
To summarize court testimony for the judge
To inform jurors of procedural rules

Correct answer: To create a verbatim transcript of all spoken words in the proceeding

A court reporter produces a complete, verbatim record of all statements made during legal proceedings.

Question 40: What is 'scopist' in the context of court reporter workflow?

A legal specialist who reviews exhibits
A type of CAT software used for real-time display
A professional who edits and proofs a reporter's rough draft transcript (Correct answer)
A trainee reporter working under supervision

Correct answer: A professional who edits and proofs a reporter's rough draft transcript

A scopist is a skilled editor who cleans up untranslates, punctuation, and formatting in a reporter's rough draft.

Question 41: How should numbers below 10 be written in a verbatim legal transcript?

Spell them out: one, two, three (Correct answer)
Use Roman numerals: I, II, III
Use numerals: 1, 2, 3
Follow the speaker's preference

Correct answer: Spell them out: one, two, three

Standard transcript style spells out numbers below 10, consistent with legal and editorial guidelines.

Question 42: In US courts, the term 'overruled' from a judge in response to an objection means what?

The objection is denied and the witness may answer (Correct answer)
The case is dismissed
The testimony is stricken from the record
The objection is sustained and the question is disallowed

Correct answer: The objection is denied and the witness may answer

When a judge overrules an objection, the questioning may continue and the witness must answer.

Question 43: The phrase 'res ipsa loquitur' is used in what type of legal argument?

Constitutional arguments about due process
Negligence cases where the accident itself implies fault (Correct answer)
Criminal cases asserting double jeopardy
Contract disputes involving implied warranties

Correct answer: Negligence cases where the accident itself implies fault

Res ipsa loquitur ('the thing speaks for itself') allows negligence to be inferred from the nature of an injury.

Question 44: What is the primary purpose of a deposition notice?

To certify the completed transcript for court filing
To request judicial permission before conducting a deposition
To inform the reporter of the case caption and billing details
To formally notify all parties of the time, place, and subject of a deposition (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To formally notify all parties of the time, place, and subject of a deposition

A deposition notice formally informs all parties of when and where the deposition will occur and who will be deposed, as required by procedural rules.

Question 45: In legal proceedings, what is a 'bench trial'?

A preliminary trial before the main case
A hearing in the judge's private chambers
A trial held at the judge's bench for minor offenses
A trial decided by the judge alone without a jury (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A trial decided by the judge alone without a jury

In a bench trial, the judge serves as both the finder of fact and the arbiter of law.

Question 46: What is 'dyspnea' as used in medical testimony?

Chest pain upon exertion
Difficulty or labored breathing (Correct answer)
Difficulty swallowing
Abnormal heartbeat rhythm

Correct answer: Difficulty or labored breathing

Dyspnea is the medical term for shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

Question 47: What is the legal term for a court order directing a lower court to send records to a higher court for review?

Mandamus
Nolo contendere
Certiorari (Correct answer)
Subpoena duces tecum

Correct answer: Certiorari

A writ of certiorari is issued by a superior court to review the record of a lower court.

Question 48: How should a court reporter handle exhibits introduced during a deposition?

File them directly with the court the same day
Store them in the reporter's files without annotation
Return them to the introducing party immediately after use
Mark them sequentially and attach or reference them in the transcript (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Mark them sequentially and attach or reference them in the transcript

Exhibits are marked sequentially (e.g., Exhibit 1, 2, 3) and are attached to or referenced within the completed deposition transcript to preserve the record.

Question 49: What type of material is typically used for literary dictation in RPR certification tests?

Legal documents
Technical manuals
News reports
Literary works such as novels, essays, or speeches (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Literary works such as novels, essays, or speeches

For RPR certification tests, literary dictation typically uses excerpts from literary works such as novels, essays, or speeches. These materials are chosen for their varied vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and diverse pacing, which challenge a reporter's stenographic skills and ability to maintain accuracy under pressure. This prepares them for the diverse language encountered in legal settings.

Question 50: What is the primary role of a Registered Professional Reporter in legal settings?

To provide legal advice to clients
To manage courtroom procedures
To enforce court rules and regulations
To record and transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To record and transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form

The primary role of a Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) in legal settings is to create an accurate, verbatim record of spoken proceedings. Using specialized equipment like stenotype machines, they transcribe spoken words into written form, producing official transcripts of depositions, court hearings, and other legal events. This ensures a precise and impartial record for all parties involved.

Question 51: Which type of subpoena compels a witness to bring documents or tangible evidence to a deposition?

Subpoena in limine
Subpoena ad testificandum
Subpoena duces tecum (Correct answer)
Subpoena pro tempore

Correct answer: Subpoena duces tecum

A subpoena duces tecum (Latin for 'bring with you') requires the recipient to produce documents or other items at the deposition.

Question 52: What does the term 'voir dire' refer to in US court proceedings?

A motion to dismiss the case
A preliminary examination of a witness or juror to determine competency (Correct answer)
The closing arguments of counsel
The reading of charges to a defendant

Correct answer: A preliminary examination of a witness or juror to determine competency

Voir dire is a French phrase meaning 'to speak the truth' and refers to the jury selection examination.

Question 53: What does 'prognosis' mean in a medical context?

The identification of a disease from its symptoms
The predicted course or outcome of a disease (Correct answer)
The history of a patient's prior illnesses
The prescribed treatment plan for a condition

Correct answer: The predicted course or outcome of a disease

A prognosis is a medical forecast of the likely progression and outcome of a patient's condition.

Question 54: What is one common challenge an RPR might face during literary dictation, and how can they overcome it?

Emotional content - overcome by maintaining professional detachment
Unfamiliar vocabulary - overcome by increasing their reading of diverse literature
Fast speaking rate - overcome by practicing with high-speed dictation exercises (Correct answer)
Background noise - overcome by using high-quality noise-cancelling equipment

Correct answer: Fast speaking rate - overcome by practicing with high-speed dictation exercises

A common challenge RPRs face during literary dictation is a fast speaking rate, which can make it difficult to capture every word accurately. To overcome this, RPRs must diligently practice with high-speed dictation exercises, gradually increasing their stenographic speed and accuracy. Consistent practice helps build the muscle memory and mental agility required to keep pace with rapid speech.

Question 55: What is an 'ex parte' communication in the legal context?

A joint statement agreed upon by both parties
A communication with the judge by only one party without notifying the other (Correct answer)
A motion filed after the verdict
A written brief submitted to the appellate court

Correct answer: A communication with the judge by only one party without notifying the other

An ex parte communication involves only one party contacting the judge, which is generally prohibited.

Question 56: What does the medical abbreviation 'NPO' stand for?

No prior operations
Normal pulse observed
Nothing by mouth (Correct answer)
Neurological pain onset

Correct answer: Nothing by mouth

NPO (nil per os) is a Latin instruction meaning the patient must not consume anything orally.

Question 57: When should a reporter use a colon versus a semicolon in a transcript?

They are interchangeable in transcript formatting
A colon ends a sentence; a semicolon introduces a list
A colon introduces a list or elaboration; a semicolon joins related independent clauses (Correct answer)
A colon is used before direct quotes; a semicolon before indirect quotes

Correct answer: A colon introduces a list or elaboration; a semicolon joins related independent clauses

A colon introduces explanatory or listed material, while a semicolon connects related complete thoughts.

Question 58: What does the term 'steno theory' refer to in court reporting education?

The systematic rules governing how words are encoded into machine shorthand strokes (Correct answer)
The standards for formatting a legal transcript
The study of the history of stenography
The rules for transcribing foreign language testimony

Correct answer: The systematic rules governing how words are encoded into machine shorthand strokes

Steno theory is the foundational system of rules that maps spoken words to shorthand key combinations.

Question 59: What is the purpose of 'dictionary management' as an ongoing practice for working reporters?

Continuously adding new terms, names, and briefs to maintain high realtime translation accuracy (Correct answer)
Standardizing transcript formatting across different client preferences
Removing old case files from the CAT software archive
Organizing transcripts alphabetically by case name

Correct answer: Continuously adding new terms, names, and briefs to maintain high realtime translation accuracy

Active dictionary management ensures the CAT software accurately translates specialized terminology, names, and new briefs encountered in practice.

Question 60: Which principle in the RPR Code of Ethics emphasizes the importance of impartiality and avoiding conflicts of interest?

Confidentiality
Competence
Professionalism
Impartiality and Conflicts of Interest (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Impartiality and Conflicts of Interest

The RPR Code of Ethics includes a specific principle on "Impartiality and Conflicts of Interest" to guide professional conduct. This principle mandates that reporters remain unbiased and objective in their work, avoiding any situations where personal interests or relationships could compromise their neutrality. Adhering to this ensures fairness, integrity, and trust in the legal system.

Question 61: In transcript formatting, what is the standard way to indicate a question was not completed?

Write [INCOMPLETE] in brackets
Use a dash to show an interruption: 'Did you ever see the —' (Correct answer)
Use ellipses: 'Did you ever see the ...'
Leave a blank line after the partial question

Correct answer: Use a dash to show an interruption: 'Did you ever see the —'

An em dash indicates an abrupt interruption or incomplete utterance in transcript formatting.

Question 62: What is a 'glob' or 'phrase' in stenographic writing?

An error where too many keys are pressed simultaneously
An unrecognized stroke in the dictionary
A single stroke that represents an entire phrase or multi-word expression (Correct answer)
A brief pause in dictation

Correct answer: A single stroke that represents an entire phrase or multi-word expression

A phrase stroke (glob) encodes a common multi-word sequence in a single steno stroke to accelerate writing speed.

Question 63: In a deposition, the term 'stipulation' refers to what?

A judge's ruling on evidence
A court order requiring appearance
An agreement between counsel on procedural matters (Correct answer)
A written summary of testimony

Correct answer: An agreement between counsel on procedural matters

A stipulation is a mutual agreement between attorneys on procedural or factual matters.

Question 64: In competitive speed testing, how is the error rate calculated for a court reporter?

Total number of misspelled words per page
Total word errors minus words omitted
Number of wrong keystrokes divided by total keystrokes
Number of errors divided by total words attempted, multiplied by 100 to get a percentage (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Number of errors divided by total words attempted, multiplied by 100 to get a percentage

Error rate is calculated as the percentage of incorrect words relative to the total words in the passage.

Question 65: What does 'in limine' mean when an attorney files a motion in limine?

In writing — to submit evidence to the record
In secret — to seal court records
At the conclusion — to summarize trial evidence
At the threshold — to exclude certain evidence before trial (Correct answer)

Correct answer: At the threshold — to exclude certain evidence before trial

A motion in limine is filed to exclude potentially prejudicial evidence before trial begins.

Question 66: In stenography, what is the 'QWERTY row' referred to in machine layout context?

The middle row of keys on a standard steno machine
A software mode that allows QWERTY keyboard entry
The row of number keys at the top of the steno machine
The steno machine has no QWERTY layout — it uses a unique phonetic key arrangement (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The steno machine has no QWERTY layout — it uses a unique phonetic key arrangement

Steno machines use a phonetic key layout — not QWERTY — with consonant and vowel keys arranged for chording.

Question 67: In transcript formatting, how are exhibits referenced when introduced into testimony?

By underlining the exhibit number each time it is mentioned
In bold text only
With a parenthetical: '(Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 was marked.)' (Correct answer)
With a footnote at the bottom of the page

Correct answer: With a parenthetical: '(Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 was marked.)'

Exhibits are noted in parenthetical asides within the transcript at the point of introduction.

Question 68: What is the correct format for a date in a formal court transcript header?

22nd of March, 2026
03/22/26
March 22, 2026 (Correct answer)
22 March 2026

Correct answer: March 22, 2026

Legal transcripts use month-day-year format with the month spelled out in the header.

Question 69: What does 'bilateral' mean in a medical or scientific context?

Measured on two different scales
Involving two different organs
Occurring in two separate stages
Affecting or pertaining to both sides (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Affecting or pertaining to both sides

Bilateral means relating to or affecting both sides of the body or a structure.

Question 70: In stenographic theory, what is a 'brief form' or 'brief'?

A summary of a witness's testimony
A condensed version of a full transcript
A shortened stenographic outline for a frequently used word (Correct answer)
A one-page summary of exhibits

Correct answer: A shortened stenographic outline for a frequently used word

A brief form is a memorized abbreviated stroke for a common word used to increase writing speed.

Question 71: Which skill is most crucial for an RPR when performing literary dictation?

Excellent listening and concentration (Correct answer)
Fast typing speed
Analytical thinking
Strong memory

Correct answer: Excellent listening and concentration

Excellent listening and concentration are the most crucial skills for an RPR during literary dictation. This type of dictation often involves complex vocabulary, varied sentence structures, and fluctuating speaking rates, requiring intense focus to accurately capture every word. Strong auditory processing and sustained attention are essential to produce a precise transcript.

Question 72: When a witness corrects themselves mid-sentence, how is this reflected in the transcript?

Use strikethrough on the incorrect word
Insert an editor's note explaining the correction
Record only the corrected version
Transcribe exactly as spoken, including the self-correction (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Transcribe exactly as spoken, including the self-correction

Verbatim transcription captures corrections as they are spoken, preserving the full record.

Question 73: What is 'hearsay' evidence in US federal court?

An out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted (Correct answer)
A document not authenticated by its author
Expert testimony that contradicts another expert
Testimony given without oath

Correct answer: An out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement introduced to prove the truth of what was stated, generally inadmissible.

Question 74: What is the primary goal of literary dictation for an RPR?

To interpret the meaning of the text
To summarize the content
To record the spoken text verbatim (Correct answer)
To analyze the literary style

Correct answer: To record the spoken text verbatim

The primary goal of literary dictation for an RPR is to test and refine their ability to record spoken text verbatim, without interpretation or summarization. This exercise focuses on capturing every word, punctuation, and nuance of the spoken passage accurately. It helps RPRs develop the precision needed for legal transcription, where exactness is paramount.

Question 75: Is a court reporter permitted to provide legal advice to a deposition witness under the NCRA Code of Ethics?

Yes — if the witness appears confused about the process
No — reporters must remain neutral and may not provide legal advice (Correct answer)
Yes — if no attorneys are present
Only if the reporter is also a licensed paralegal

Correct answer: No — reporters must remain neutral and may not provide legal advice

Court reporters must remain strictly neutral and are prohibited from offering any legal guidance.

Question 76: What must a court reporter's certification attached to a deposition transcript attest to?

That the transcript is a true, correct, and complete record of the testimony (Correct answer)
That all exhibits have been filed with the clerk of court
That the transcript has been reviewed and approved by the judge
That the attorneys behaved professionally throughout the proceeding

Correct answer: That the transcript is a true, correct, and complete record of the testimony

The reporter's certification is a sworn statement that the transcript accurately and completely reflects what occurred in the proceeding.

Question 77: What is a key ethical responsibility of an RPR when handling confidential information?

Keeping it secure and not disclosing it without authorization (Correct answer)
Using it for personal gain
Sharing it with other reporters for verification
Discussing it with friends and family

Correct answer: Keeping it secure and not disclosing it without authorization

A key ethical responsibility of an RPR is to maintain the utmost confidentiality of all information encountered during legal proceedings. They are privy to sensitive and private details, and it is imperative that they keep this information secure and never disclose it without proper authorization. This duty upholds the integrity of the legal process and protects the privacy of individuals.

Question 78: Which of the following is a prerequisite for sitting for the RPR examination?

Holding a valid Registered Merit Reporter (RMR) or Provisional RPR status OR completing an approved court reporting program (Correct answer)
Passing the Registered Diplomate Reporter (RDR) exam first
A bachelor's degree in a legal field
Five years of active court reporting experience

Correct answer: Holding a valid Registered Merit Reporter (RMR) or Provisional RPR status OR completing an approved court reporting program

Candidates must meet NCRA eligibility requirements including approved education or provisional status.

Question 79: In steno theory, what is a 'conflict' or 'steno conflict'?

A disagreement between a reporter and attorney over a word
When two different words produce the same steno stroke outline (Correct answer)
An error caused by pressing the wrong key
A mistranslation due to a software glitch

Correct answer: When two different words produce the same steno stroke outline

A steno conflict occurs when a single outline could represent two or more different words, requiring resolution in the dictionary.

Question 80: What information is typically included on the label or sticker placed on a deposition exhibit?

The judge's docket number and case division only
Only the exhibit number for brevity
The case name, exhibit number, and date of the deposition (Correct answer)
The witness's name, signature, and date of birth

Correct answer: The case name, exhibit number, and date of the deposition

Exhibit labels typically include the case name, exhibit number, and deposition date so the exhibit can be definitively identified and linked to the correct proceeding.

Question 81: What does the term 'untranslate' mean in the context of CAT software?

A word deleted from the personal dictionary
A stroke recorded in the log but omitted from the transcript
A steno stroke that the CAT software could not translate into a word (Correct answer)
A previously translated word that the reporter manually changed

Correct answer: A steno stroke that the CAT software could not translate into a word

An untranslate is a raw steno outline that the software could not match to any dictionary entry.

Question 82: What does the Latin phrase 'nolo contendere' mean as a legal plea?

I am not guilty — a full denial of charges
I request a continuance — a delay in proceedings
I plead ignorance — lack of knowledge as a defense
I do not contest it — accepting punishment without admitting guilt (Correct answer)

Correct answer: I do not contest it — accepting punishment without admitting guilt

Nolo contendere means the defendant does not contest the charges but does not admit guilt.

Question 83: Which Latin term means 'let the buyer beware' and places responsibility on a purchaser?

Caveat emptor (Correct answer)
Res ipsa loquitur
Pro bono
Habeas corpus

Correct answer: Caveat emptor

Caveat emptor is a doctrine placing the burden of due diligence on the buyer.

Question 84: Which sentence is punctuated correctly for a court transcript?

Q. Did you see the defendant? A. Yes, I did. (Correct answer)
Q. Did you see the defendant? A. Yes I did.
Q: Did you see the defendant? A: Yes, I did.
Q Did you see the defendant. A Yes, I did.

Correct answer: Q. Did you see the defendant? A. Yes, I did.

Standard transcript format uses 'Q.' and 'A.' followed by a space, with a comma after 'Yes' in the answer.

Question 85: What is the purpose of a 'chain of custody' record in a legal proceeding?

To track the judge's rulings throughout the trial
To list all witnesses scheduled to testify
To record the sequence of motions filed
To document every person who handled a piece of evidence (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To document every person who handled a piece of evidence

Chain of custody ensures evidence integrity by documenting every individual who handled it.

Question 86: Which suffix means 'inflammation of' in medical terminology?

-plasty
-osis
-ectomy
-itis (Correct answer)

Correct answer: -itis

The suffix -itis denotes inflammation, as in appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix).

Question 87: In a deposition, a 'read-back' request asks the reporter to do which of the following?

Read the next question aloud from the attorney's notes
Ask the witness to re-read the transcript before signing
Re-administer the oath to the witness
Re-read a portion of testimony already given in the proceeding (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Re-read a portion of testimony already given in the proceeding

A read-back is the reporter re-reading a specific portion of prior testimony, typically requested by an attorney to clarify what was already said.

Question 88: How can RPRs ensure the security and confidentiality of their digital transcripts?

By limiting access to transcription software
By printing all transcripts and storing them physically
By sharing transcripts only via email
By using strong passwords and encryption for digital files (Correct answer)

Correct answer: By using strong passwords and encryption for digital files

To ensure the security and confidentiality of digital transcripts, RPRs must implement robust cybersecurity practices. Using strong, unique passwords prevents unauthorized access to sensitive files and systems, while encryption scrambles the data, rendering it unreadable without the correct key. These measures are critical for protecting private legal information and maintaining client trust.

Question 89: What is a 'stroke' in machine stenography?

The simultaneous depression of one or more keys to produce a syllable or word (Correct answer)
A single key press on the steno machine
The process of transcribing one line of shorthand
One complete page of steno notes

Correct answer: The simultaneous depression of one or more keys to produce a syllable or word

A stroke in stenography is one simultaneous key press of multiple keys that encodes a syllable, word, or phrase.

Question 90: May an RPR reporter accept a contingency fee arrangement tied to the outcome of a case?

Only if approved in advance by the presiding judge
Yes — only for civil cases not involving personal injury
No — reporters must charge based on services rendered, not case outcomes (Correct answer)
Yes — if both parties agree in writing

Correct answer: No — reporters must charge based on services rendered, not case outcomes

Contingency arrangements compromise impartiality and are prohibited under NCRA ethics guidelines.

Question 91: What is the recommended procedure when a reporter discovers a material error in a certified transcript?

File the error with the court clerk and take no further action
Quietly correct the error without notifying parties to avoid disruption
Notify only the requesting party and allow them to decide
Notify all parties, prepare an errata or corrected transcript, and re-certify it (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Notify all parties, prepare an errata or corrected transcript, and re-certify it

Reporters are ethically obligated to correct material errors transparently and re-certify the corrected transcript.

Question 92: What is the purpose of a scopist in the transcription process?

To prepare the transcript for publication
To interpret legal jargon
To verify the accuracy of the transcribed text (Correct answer)
To provide technical support for CAT software

Correct answer: To verify the accuracy of the transcribed text

A scopist plays a vital role in the transcription process by reviewing and editing the initial draft of a transcript produced by a court reporter. Their primary purpose is to meticulously verify the accuracy of the transcribed text against the audio recording, correcting any errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, and proper names. This ensures the final legal document is precise and error-free.

Question 93: During a deposition, what should an RPR do if they do not understand a part of the testimony?

Make an educated guess
Leave it out of the transcript
Ignore it and continue
Ask the witness to repeat or clarify the statement (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Ask the witness to repeat or clarify the statement

During a deposition, an RPR's duty is to create a verbatim record. If a witness's statement is unclear, mumbled, or inaudible, the RPR must politely interrupt and ask the witness to repeat or clarify what was said. Guessing or omitting information would compromise the accuracy and integrity of the official transcript.

Question 94: What is the NCRA's policy on a reporter who fails to maintain impartiality during proceedings?

They receive a written warning for a first offense only
No formal action is taken unless a judge files a complaint
They may face suspension or revocation of their NCRA credential (Correct answer)
The matter is referred to state bar association review

Correct answer: They may face suspension or revocation of their NCRA credential

Violations of NCRA's Code of Professional Ethics can result in credential suspension or revocation.

Question 95: What is the expected course of action if an RPR discovers they made an error in a transcript?

Correct the error and notify the relevant parties (Correct answer)
Delete the entire transcript to avoid issues
Wait until someone else finds the error
Ignore the error if it is minor

Correct answer: Correct the error and notify the relevant parties

The RPR Code of Ethics mandates that if a reporter discovers an error in a transcript, they have a professional obligation to correct it promptly. Furthermore, they must notify all relevant parties involved in the proceeding about the correction. This ensures the accuracy and integrity of the official record, which is critical for legal documentation.

Question 96: How should a reporter handle a word they could not hear during testimony?

Omit the word and continue transcribing
Request an immediate read-back before continuing
Insert the most likely word based on context
Insert a phonetic spelling in parentheses or mark as [inaudible] (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Insert a phonetic spelling in parentheses or mark as [inaudible]

Inaudible or unclear words should be marked with a notation such as [inaudible] to preserve accuracy.

Question 97: What does 'fingering' refer to in stenographic practice?

A technique for quiet operation of the steno machine
The consistent assignment of specific fingers to specific keys for stroke efficiency (Correct answer)
Manually pressing each key individually rather than chorded
Switching which hand controls vowel keys

Correct answer: The consistent assignment of specific fingers to specific keys for stroke efficiency

Fingering discipline ensures muscle memory consistency, reducing errors and improving speed.

Question 98: What is the function of a 'personal dictionary' in CAT (Computer-Aided Transcription) software?

A spell-check library imported from standard word processors
A collection of preferred synonyms used during editing
A reporter-specific database mapping steno outlines to words for accurate translation (Correct answer)
A log of previous cases and their terminology

Correct answer: A reporter-specific database mapping steno outlines to words for accurate translation

A personal dictionary contains customized steno-to-word mappings that improve translation accuracy for each reporter.

Question 99: In a court transcript, how should a verbatim interjection such as 'uh-huh' be rendered?

Exactly as spoken: 'Uh-huh.' (Correct answer)
As 'Yes' to clarify meaning
Omitted as it is non-substantive
As '[affirmative]' in brackets

Correct answer: Exactly as spoken: 'Uh-huh.'

Court reporters must transcribe verbatim affirmative sounds exactly as spoken unless instructed otherwise.

Question 100: A Certified Shorthand Reporter (CSR) designation indicates which of the following?

A reporter certified solely in medical and technical terminology
A reporter who works exclusively in federal courts
A reporter who uses only computer-aided transcription software
A state-licensed court reporter who has passed a state certification examination (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A state-licensed court reporter who has passed a state certification examination

A CSR holds a state-issued license, typically obtained by passing that state's certification examination for court reporters.

Question 101: What is the primary function of Computer-Aided Transcription (CAT) software for an RPR?

To interpret the text
To record audio during proceedings
To format the text automatically
To convert stenographic notes into readable text (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To convert stenographic notes into readable text

Computer-Aided Transcription (CAT) software is a specialized tool for Registered Professional Reporters (RPRs) that translates their stenographic notes into readable text. The software uses a comprehensive dictionary to convert the shorthand strokes captured on a stenotype machine into full English words and phrases. This primary function significantly streamlines the transcription process, enabling the efficient production of accurate legal documents.

Question 102: How should RPRs handle situations where they are asked to provide services for which they are not qualified?

Accept the job and learn on the go
Decline the job and refer the client to a qualified professional (Correct answer)
Delegate the work to a junior colleague
Accept the job and hire a consultant

Correct answer: Decline the job and refer the client to a qualified professional

The RPR Code of Ethics requires professionals to only undertake assignments for which they are competent and qualified. If an RPR is asked to provide services outside their area of expertise or certification, the ethical course of action is to decline the job. They should then refer the client to another professional who possesses the necessary qualifications, ensuring the client receives appropriate and competent service.

Question 103: In court reporting practice, what is 'read-back'?

The reporter reading previously recorded testimony aloud from their steno notes (Correct answer)
A review of the final certified transcript by counsel
A digital audio playback of recorded proceedings
The process of entering corrections into the CAT software

Correct answer: The reporter reading previously recorded testimony aloud from their steno notes

A read-back occurs when the reporter reads back specific testimony from their stenographic notes, often upon request by the court.

Question 104: What does the NCRA Code of Professional Ethics require regarding conflicts of interest?

Reporters must disclose any financial or personal interest in the outcome of a proceeding (Correct answer)
Reporters can work for one law firm exclusively without disclosure
Reporters may accept gifts from attorneys of less than $50 in value
Reporters need not disclose relationships unless directly asked

Correct answer: Reporters must disclose any financial or personal interest in the outcome of a proceeding

The NCRA Code requires reporters to disclose any conflict of interest that could compromise their impartiality.

Question 105: What accuracy percentage is required to pass each leg of the RPR skills exam?

98%
95% (Correct answer)
90%
85%

Correct answer: 95%

Each RPR skills leg requires a 95% accuracy rate, meaning no more than 5 errors per 100 words.

Question 106: When an attorney instructs a witness not to answer a question during a deposition, what is the court reporter's proper course of action?

Accurately note the instruction not to answer on the record and continue (Correct answer)
Immediately adjourn the deposition
Ask the witness to answer anyway to preserve the record
Strike the question and instruction from the transcript

Correct answer: Accurately note the instruction not to answer on the record and continue

The reporter must faithfully record the instruction not to answer, preserving the record for any subsequent motion to compel testimony.

Question 107: What does 'pro se' mean in a US court case?

A sealed court record
A party representing themselves without an attorney (Correct answer)
A case heard by a judge without a jury
An attorney representing a client for free

Correct answer: A party representing themselves without an attorney

Pro se is a Latin term for a litigant who acts as their own attorney in court.

Question 108: In pharmacology, what does 'subcutaneous' administration mean?

Applied directly to the skin surface
Injected beneath the skin (Correct answer)
Delivered into a vein
Administered through the mouth

Correct answer: Injected beneath the skin

Subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the fatty tissue layer just below the skin.

Question 109: In the RPR context, what does 'jury charge dictation' refer to in the skills exam?

Questions posed by jurors to witnesses
Legal arguments made by attorneys during closing statements
A witness giving testimony about jury service
Instructions delivered by a judge to the jury read at a faster formal pace (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Instructions delivered by a judge to the jury read at a faster formal pace

The jury charge leg simulates a judge reading legal instructions to the jury, which is dense and precise dictation.

Question 110: In court reporting, 'realtime' reporting is best described as which of the following?

Delivering the certified transcript within 24 hours of the proceeding
Providing an uncertified rough draft within one hour after the deposition concludes
Instantaneous translation of stenographic strokes into readable text displayed simultaneously during the proceeding (Correct answer)
Recording the proceeding on live-stream video for remote participants

Correct answer: Instantaneous translation of stenographic strokes into readable text displayed simultaneously during the proceeding

Realtime reporting uses computer-aided transcription (CAT) software to convert stenographic strokes into readable text simultaneously as the reporter writes, displayed on a monitor in real time.

Question 111: What does the term 'etiology' mean in medical or scientific contexts?

The statistical study of disease prevalence
The treatment protocol for a condition
The physical symptoms of a disease
The cause or origin of a disease or condition (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The cause or origin of a disease or condition

Etiology refers to the study of causes or origins of diseases and medical conditions.

Question 112: What does it mean when a deponent 'waives' signature on a deposition transcript?

The deponent gives up the right to review the transcript and note changes before it is finalized (Correct answer)
The court reporter waives their certification requirement for that transcript
The deponent must sign the transcript within 24 hours of completion
All parties agree not to use the transcript as evidence at trial

Correct answer: The deponent gives up the right to review the transcript and note changes before it is finalized

Waiving signature means the deponent relinquishes their right under FRCP 30(e) to review the transcript and submit an errata sheet.

Question 113: What does the prefix 'brady-' mean in medical terminology?

Fast
Absent
Slow (Correct answer)
Irregular

Correct answer: Slow

Brady- means slow, as seen in bradycardia, which is an abnormally slow heart rate.

Question 114: Which technology allows RPRs to provide real-time transcription services during legal proceedings?

Real-time captioning software
Stenotype machines with real-time display (Correct answer)
Digital audio recorders
Voice recognition software

Correct answer: Stenotype machines with real-time display

Stenotype machines equipped with real-time display capabilities are crucial for RPRs to provide immediate transcription services. As the reporter types in shorthand, the integrated software instantly translates these strokes into readable text that can be displayed on a screen for participants. This technology allows for real-time access to the spoken word during legal proceedings, depositions, or live captioning, enhancing accessibility and efficiency.

Question 115: How long is the RPR certification valid before continuing education is required?

One year, with 10 CE credits required for renewal
Five years, with 50 CE credits required for renewal
Lifetime with no renewal requirement
Three years, with 30 CE credits required for renewal (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Three years, with 30 CE credits required for renewal

The RPR credential requires renewal every three years with 30 hours of continuing education.

Question 116: How many legs make up the RPR skills examination?

Four legs: literary, medical, legal, and jury charge
Three legs: literary, jury charge, and testimony (Correct answer)
One continuous leg at 225 wpm
Two legs: literary and Q&A

Correct answer: Three legs: literary, jury charge, and testimony

The RPR skills test consists of three legs — literary, jury charge, and testimony — each at 225 wpm.

Question 117: What does the RPR Code of Ethics say about accepting gifts or gratuities from clients?

It depends on the nature of the case
It is acceptable if the gift is of low monetary value
It is prohibited to maintain impartiality and avoid conflicts of interest (Correct answer)
It is encouraged as a sign of appreciation

Correct answer: It is prohibited to maintain impartiality and avoid conflicts of interest

The RPR Code of Ethics strictly prohibits accepting gifts or gratuities from clients. This rule is in place to uphold the reporter's impartiality and prevent any perception of bias or conflict of interest that could arise from such exchanges. Maintaining an objective and unbiased stance is fundamental to the integrity of the legal transcription profession.

Question 118: How should a proper noun that is a compound title — such as 'Assistant District Attorney' — be capitalized in a transcript?

Lowercase all words unless at the start of a sentence
Capitalize all principal words when used as a formal title before a name (Correct answer)
Capitalize only the first word of the compound title
Use all capitals for any professional title

Correct answer: Capitalize all principal words when used as a formal title before a name

Formal titles are capitalized when they precede a person's name as part of the title.

Question 119: What is the term for a formal written statement made under oath used as evidence in court?

Deposition
Injunction
Subpoena
Affidavit (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Affidavit

An affidavit is a sworn written statement used as evidence in legal proceedings.

Question 120: Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, when may a deposition transcript be used in lieu of the witness's live testimony at trial?

Whenever the presenting party prefers it over live testimony
Only when both parties stipulate to its use before trial begins
Only after the judge grants special permission
When the witness is unavailable for trial as defined under FRCP Rule 32 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: When the witness is unavailable for trial as defined under FRCP Rule 32

FRCP Rule 32 permits using a deposition transcript in lieu of live testimony when the witness is unavailable, such as due to death, illness, or being beyond the court's subpoena range.

NCRA Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) Written Knowledge Test

The RPR is NCRA's entry-level certification for court reporters, validating competency in technology and innovation, industry practices, and professional ethics required for professional stenographic reporting.

120

Questions

110 min

Time Limit

70%

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