NCRA Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) Written Knowledge Test — Questions and Answers

Question 1: Which skill is most crucial for an RPR when performing literary dictation?

Analytical thinking
Strong memory
Excellent listening and concentration (Correct answer)
Fast typing speed

Correct answer: Excellent listening and concentration

Excellent listening and concentration are the most crucial skills for an RPR during literary dictation. This type of dictation often involves complex vocabulary, varied sentence structures, and fluctuating speaking rates, requiring intense focus to accurately capture every word. Strong auditory processing and sustained attention are essential to produce a precise transcript.

Question 2: How should numbers below 10 be written in a verbatim legal transcript?

Use numerals: 1, 2, 3
Spell them out: one, two, three (Correct answer)
Use Roman numerals: I, II, III
Follow the speaker's preference

Correct answer: Spell them out: one, two, three

Standard transcript style spells out numbers below 10, consistent with legal and editorial guidelines.

Question 3: What does 'pro se' mean in a US court case?

A party representing themselves without an attorney (Correct answer)
An attorney representing a client for free
A case heard by a judge without a jury
A sealed court record

Correct answer: A party representing themselves without an attorney

Pro se is a Latin term for a litigant who acts as their own attorney in court.

Question 4: Which medical term refers to surgical repair of a body part?

-oscopy
-plasty (Correct answer)
-ectomy
-itis

Correct answer: -plasty

The suffix -plasty indicates surgical repair or reconstruction, as in rhinoplasty (nose reshaping).

Question 5: What is a 'glob' or 'phrase' in stenographic writing?

An error where too many keys are pressed simultaneously
A single stroke that represents an entire phrase or multi-word expression (Correct answer)
A brief pause in dictation
An unrecognized stroke in the dictionary

Correct answer: A single stroke that represents an entire phrase or multi-word expression

A phrase stroke (glob) encodes a common multi-word sequence in a single steno stroke to accelerate writing speed.

Question 6: What is 'tachycardia'?

An irregular heartbeat pattern
An abnormally slow heart rate below 60 beats per minute
A blockage in a coronary artery
An abnormally fast heart rate, typically over 100 beats per minute (Correct answer)

Correct answer: An abnormally fast heart rate, typically over 100 beats per minute

Tachycardia is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate, typically defined as over 100 bpm.

Question 7: In a deposition, the term 'stipulation' refers to what?

A court order requiring appearance
A judge's ruling on evidence
A written summary of testimony
An agreement between counsel on procedural matters (Correct answer)

Correct answer: An agreement between counsel on procedural matters

A stipulation is a mutual agreement between attorneys on procedural or factual matters.

Question 8: Is a court reporter permitted to provide legal advice to a deposition witness under the NCRA Code of Ethics?

No — reporters must remain neutral and may not provide legal advice (Correct answer)
Yes — if no attorneys are present
Yes — if the witness appears confused about the process
Only if the reporter is also a licensed paralegal

Correct answer: No — reporters must remain neutral and may not provide legal advice

Court reporters must remain strictly neutral and are prohibited from offering any legal guidance.

Question 9: What is one common challenge an RPR might face during literary dictation, and how can they overcome it?

Fast speaking rate - overcome by practicing with high-speed dictation exercises (Correct answer)
Background noise - overcome by using high-quality noise-cancelling equipment
Unfamiliar vocabulary - overcome by increasing their reading of diverse literature
Emotional content - overcome by maintaining professional detachment

Correct answer: Fast speaking rate - overcome by practicing with high-speed dictation exercises

A common challenge RPRs face during literary dictation is a fast speaking rate, which can make it difficult to capture every word accurately. To overcome this, RPRs must diligently practice with high-speed dictation exercises, gradually increasing their stenographic speed and accuracy. Consistent practice helps build the muscle memory and mental agility required to keep pace with rapid speech.

Question 10: What does 'in limine' mean when an attorney files a motion in limine?

At the threshold — to exclude certain evidence before trial (Correct answer)
In secret — to seal court records
At the conclusion — to summarize trial evidence
In writing — to submit evidence to the record

Correct answer: At the threshold — to exclude certain evidence before trial

A motion in limine is filed to exclude potentially prejudicial evidence before trial begins.

Question 11: When a witness corrects themselves mid-sentence, how is this reflected in the transcript?

Transcribe exactly as spoken, including the self-correction (Correct answer)
Use strikethrough on the incorrect word
Record only the corrected version
Insert an editor's note explaining the correction

Correct answer: Transcribe exactly as spoken, including the self-correction

Verbatim transcription captures corrections as they are spoken, preserving the full record.

Question 12: What is an 'electroencephalogram' (EEG) used to measure?

Blood flow through the kidneys
Pressure within the spinal column
Electrical activity of the brain (Correct answer)
Electrical activity of the heart

Correct answer: Electrical activity of the brain

An EEG records electrical impulses in the brain and is used to diagnose neurological conditions.

Question 13: In court reporting practice, what is 'read-back'?

A digital audio playback of recorded proceedings
A review of the final certified transcript by counsel
The process of entering corrections into the CAT software
The reporter reading previously recorded testimony aloud from their steno notes (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The reporter reading previously recorded testimony aloud from their steno notes

A read-back occurs when the reporter reads back specific testimony from their stenographic notes, often upon request by the court.

Question 14: In a deposition transcript, how is an 'off the record' remark typically indicated?

By enclosing the remark in double parentheses
By simply omitting the comment entirely with no notation
With a notation such as '(Off the record.)' or '(Discussion off the record.)' (Correct answer)
By using the notation [REDACTED]

Correct answer: With a notation such as '(Off the record.)' or '(Discussion off the record.)'

An off-the-record notation in parentheses preserves the transparency of the transcript without recording the actual content.

Question 15: Which punctuation is correct when a speaker trails off mid-thought in testimony?

Em dash: 'I thought that maybe —'
A period: 'I thought that maybe.'
Ellipsis: 'I thought that maybe ...' (Correct answer)
Parenthetical note: 'I thought that maybe (pause).'

Correct answer: Ellipsis: 'I thought that maybe ...'

An ellipsis indicates a trailing off or pause, while a dash indicates an abrupt interruption.

Question 16: What is the standard line-per-page count for a formatted deposition transcript?

40 lines per page
20 lines per page
25 lines per page (Correct answer)
30 lines per page

Correct answer: 25 lines per page

The industry standard for formatted legal transcripts is 25 lines per page.

Question 17: What is the NCRA's 'TRAIN' program in the context of reporter professional development?

A mentorship and continuing education platform for court reporters (Correct answer)
A federal training program for government court reporters
A stenography speed-training software application
A program for reporters transitioning to captioning work

Correct answer: A mentorship and continuing education platform for court reporters

NCRA's TRAIN program provides continuing education resources and professional development for court reporters.

Question 18: How long is the RPR certification valid before continuing education is required?

One year, with 10 CE credits required for renewal
Five years, with 50 CE credits required for renewal
Lifetime with no renewal requirement
Three years, with 30 CE credits required for renewal (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Three years, with 30 CE credits required for renewal

The RPR credential requires renewal every three years with 30 hours of continuing education.

Question 19: What should a court reporter do when a witness objects to taking an oath on religious grounds?

Allow the witness to make a solemn affirmation instead (Correct answer)
Require the witness to take the standard oath regardless
Dismiss the witness from the deposition
Suspend the deposition pending a court ruling

Correct answer: Allow the witness to make a solemn affirmation instead

Witnesses who object to a religious oath may make a solemn affirmation, which carries the same legal weight as an oath.

Question 20: When a deponent wishes to make changes to their deposition transcript after reviewing it, which document is used?

An errata sheet (Correct answer)
A correction certificate
A supplemental affidavit
An amendment notice

Correct answer: An errata sheet

An errata sheet lists the specific page and line numbers of any changes the deponent wishes to make to the transcript record.

Question 21: Which Latin term means 'let the buyer beware' and places responsibility on a purchaser?

Res ipsa loquitur
Habeas corpus
Caveat emptor (Correct answer)
Pro bono

Correct answer: Caveat emptor

Caveat emptor is a doctrine placing the burden of due diligence on the buyer.

Question 22: What is the correct format for a date in a formal court transcript header?

22nd of March, 2026
22 March 2026
03/22/26
March 22, 2026 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: March 22, 2026

Legal transcripts use month-day-year format with the month spelled out in the header.

Question 23: In transcript formatting, how are exhibits referenced when introduced into testimony?

With a parenthetical: '(Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 was marked.)' (Correct answer)
In bold text only
By underlining the exhibit number each time it is mentioned
With a footnote at the bottom of the page

Correct answer: With a parenthetical: '(Plaintiff's Exhibit 1 was marked.)'

Exhibits are noted in parenthetical asides within the transcript at the point of introduction.

Question 24: In legal proceedings, what is a 'bench trial'?

A preliminary trial before the main case
A trial held at the judge's bench for minor offenses
A trial decided by the judge alone without a jury (Correct answer)
A hearing in the judge's private chambers

Correct answer: A trial decided by the judge alone without a jury

In a bench trial, the judge serves as both the finder of fact and the arbiter of law.

Question 25: Which term describes the person who gives testimony during a deposition?

Respondent
Amicus
Deponent (Correct answer)
Appellant

Correct answer: Deponent

A deponent is the individual who provides sworn testimony in a deposition.

Question 26: What is the function of the 'myocardium'?

It is the chamber that receives blood from the lungs
It is the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood (Correct answer)
It is the valve that controls blood flow to the aorta
It is the outer protective lining of the heart

Correct answer: It is the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood

The myocardium is the heart muscle that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

Question 27: The phrase 'res ipsa loquitur' is used in what type of legal argument?

Negligence cases where the accident itself implies fault (Correct answer)
Constitutional arguments about due process
Contract disputes involving implied warranties
Criminal cases asserting double jeopardy

Correct answer: Negligence cases where the accident itself implies fault

Res ipsa loquitur ('the thing speaks for itself') allows negligence to be inferred from the nature of an injury.

Question 28: Which component of the RPR exam tests knowledge of professional practices, transcription, and ethics?

The written knowledge component (Correct answer)
The oral examination
The practical simulation test
The peer review component

Correct answer: The written knowledge component

The written knowledge examination tests a reporter's understanding of professional standards, law, and transcription practices.

Question 29: What does the term 'steno theory' refer to in court reporting education?

The standards for formatting a legal transcript
The study of the history of stenography
The systematic rules governing how words are encoded into machine shorthand strokes (Correct answer)
The rules for transcribing foreign language testimony

Correct answer: The systematic rules governing how words are encoded into machine shorthand strokes

Steno theory is the foundational system of rules that maps spoken words to shorthand key combinations.

Question 30: In medical testimony, what does 'edema' refer to?

Scarring of the lung tissue
A decrease in red blood cell production
A blockage in the digestive tract
Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body's tissues (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body's tissues

Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues, causing visible swelling.

Question 31: What must a court reporter's certification attached to a deposition transcript attest to?

That all exhibits have been filed with the clerk of court
That the attorneys behaved professionally throughout the proceeding
That the transcript has been reviewed and approved by the judge
That the transcript is a true, correct, and complete record of the testimony (Correct answer)

Correct answer: That the transcript is a true, correct, and complete record of the testimony

The reporter's certification is a sworn statement that the transcript accurately and completely reflects what occurred in the proceeding.

Question 32: In transcript formatting, what is the standard way to indicate a question was not completed?

Use ellipses: 'Did you ever see the ...'
Write [INCOMPLETE] in brackets
Leave a blank line after the partial question
Use a dash to show an interruption: 'Did you ever see the —' (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Use a dash to show an interruption: 'Did you ever see the —'

An em dash indicates an abrupt interruption or incomplete utterance in transcript formatting.

Question 33: What is the purpose of a 'chain of custody' record in a legal proceeding?

To track the judge's rulings throughout the trial
To document every person who handled a piece of evidence (Correct answer)
To list all witnesses scheduled to testify
To record the sequence of motions filed

Correct answer: To document every person who handled a piece of evidence

Chain of custody ensures evidence integrity by documenting every individual who handled it.

Question 34: What accuracy percentage is required to pass each leg of the RPR skills exam?

85%
90%
98%
95% (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 95%

Each RPR skills leg requires a 95% accuracy rate, meaning no more than 5 errors per 100 words.

Question 35: How should RPRs handle situations where they are asked to provide services for which they are not qualified?

Accept the job and learn on the go
Decline the job and refer the client to a qualified professional (Correct answer)
Accept the job and hire a consultant
Delegate the work to a junior colleague

Correct answer: Decline the job and refer the client to a qualified professional

The RPR Code of Ethics requires professionals to only undertake assignments for which they are competent and qualified. If an RPR is asked to provide services outside their area of expertise or certification, the ethical course of action is to decline the job. They should then refer the client to another professional who possesses the necessary qualifications, ensuring the client receives appropriate and competent service.

Question 36: What is the primary goal of literary dictation for an RPR?

To record the spoken text verbatim (Correct answer)
To analyze the literary style
To summarize the content
To interpret the meaning of the text

Correct answer: To record the spoken text verbatim

The primary goal of literary dictation for an RPR is to test and refine their ability to record spoken text verbatim, without interpretation or summarization. This exercise focuses on capturing every word, punctuation, and nuance of the spoken passage accurately. It helps RPRs develop the precision needed for legal transcription, where exactness is paramount.

Question 37: In the RPR context, what does 'jury charge dictation' refer to in the skills exam?

Legal arguments made by attorneys during closing statements
A witness giving testimony about jury service
Questions posed by jurors to witnesses
Instructions delivered by a judge to the jury read at a faster formal pace (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Instructions delivered by a judge to the jury read at a faster formal pace

The jury charge leg simulates a judge reading legal instructions to the jury, which is dense and precise dictation.

Question 38: How many legs make up the RPR skills examination?

Two legs: literary and Q&A
Four legs: literary, medical, legal, and jury charge
One continuous leg at 225 wpm
Three legs: literary, jury charge, and testimony (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Three legs: literary, jury charge, and testimony

The RPR skills test consists of three legs — literary, jury charge, and testimony — each at 225 wpm.

Question 39: What type of material is typically used for literary dictation in RPR certification tests?

Technical manuals
Literary works such as novels, essays, or speeches (Correct answer)
News reports
Legal documents

Correct answer: Literary works such as novels, essays, or speeches

For RPR certification tests, literary dictation typically uses excerpts from literary works such as novels, essays, or speeches. These materials are chosen for their varied vocabulary, complex sentence structures, and diverse pacing, which challenge a reporter's stenographic skills and ability to maintain accuracy under pressure. This prepares them for the diverse language encountered in legal settings.

Question 40: What does the NCRA style guide recommend for transcribing profanity spoken in testimony?

Transcribe it verbatim exactly as spoken (Correct answer)
Omit it from the record entirely
Paraphrase it with a note
Replace with dashes or asterisks

Correct answer: Transcribe it verbatim exactly as spoken

Verbatim accuracy requires transcribing all words spoken in testimony, including profanity.

Question 41: What does the NCRA define as a 'conflict of interest' for a court reporter?

A situation where two attorneys disagree about the transcript
Any case involving a relative who is an attorney
Any relationship or financial interest that could impair or appear to impair the reporter's impartiality (Correct answer)
A preference for one law firm's transcript formatting requirements

Correct answer: Any relationship or financial interest that could impair or appear to impair the reporter's impartiality

A conflict of interest for a reporter includes any personal or financial tie that could affect their objectivity.

Question 42: During a deposition, what should an RPR do if they do not understand a part of the testimony?

Ask the witness to repeat or clarify the statement (Correct answer)
Make an educated guess
Ignore it and continue
Leave it out of the transcript

Correct answer: Ask the witness to repeat or clarify the statement

During a deposition, an RPR's duty is to create a verbatim record. If a witness's statement is unclear, mumbled, or inaudible, the RPR must politely interrupt and ask the witness to repeat or clarify what was said. Guessing or omitting information would compromise the accuracy and integrity of the official transcript.

Question 43: What is 'scopist' in the context of court reporter workflow?

A legal specialist who reviews exhibits
A trainee reporter working under supervision
A type of CAT software used for real-time display
A professional who edits and proofs a reporter's rough draft transcript (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A professional who edits and proofs a reporter's rough draft transcript

A scopist is a skilled editor who cleans up untranslates, punctuation, and formatting in a reporter's rough draft.

Question 44: How should a court reporter handle exhibits introduced during a deposition?

Return them to the introducing party immediately after use
File them directly with the court the same day
Mark them sequentially and attach or reference them in the transcript (Correct answer)
Store them in the reporter's files without annotation

Correct answer: Mark them sequentially and attach or reference them in the transcript

Exhibits are marked sequentially (e.g., Exhibit 1, 2, 3) and are attached to or referenced within the completed deposition transcript to preserve the record.

Question 45: May an RPR reporter accept a contingency fee arrangement tied to the outcome of a case?

Yes — only for civil cases not involving personal injury
No — reporters must charge based on services rendered, not case outcomes (Correct answer)
Only if approved in advance by the presiding judge
Yes — if both parties agree in writing

Correct answer: No — reporters must charge based on services rendered, not case outcomes

Contingency arrangements compromise impartiality and are prohibited under NCRA ethics guidelines.

Question 46: What minimum speed must candidates demonstrate on the RPR skills component?

180 words per minute
250 words per minute
200 words per minute
225 words per minute (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 225 words per minute

RPR candidates must demonstrate the ability to write at 225 words per minute with 95% accuracy.

Question 47: What does 'prognosis' mean in a medical context?

The prescribed treatment plan for a condition
The identification of a disease from its symptoms
The predicted course or outcome of a disease (Correct answer)
The history of a patient's prior illnesses

Correct answer: The predicted course or outcome of a disease

A prognosis is a medical forecast of the likely progression and outcome of a patient's condition.

Question 48: What does the medical abbreviation 'NPO' stand for?

Normal pulse observed
Neurological pain onset
Nothing by mouth (Correct answer)
No prior operations

Correct answer: Nothing by mouth

NPO (nil per os) is a Latin instruction meaning the patient must not consume anything orally.

Question 49: When must an RPR-credentialed reporter notify NCRA of a felony conviction?

At the next renewal period
Within 30 days of the conviction (Correct answer)
Only if the conviction is work-related
There is no requirement to disclose criminal convictions

Correct answer: Within 30 days of the conviction

NCRA bylaws require credentialed members to report felony convictions promptly, within 30 days.

Question 50: What does the NCRA Code of Professional Ethics require regarding conflicts of interest?

Reporters may accept gifts from attorneys of less than $50 in value
Reporters need not disclose relationships unless directly asked
Reporters can work for one law firm exclusively without disclosure
Reporters must disclose any financial or personal interest in the outcome of a proceeding (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Reporters must disclose any financial or personal interest in the outcome of a proceeding

The NCRA Code requires reporters to disclose any conflict of interest that could compromise their impartiality.

Question 51: Which organization administers the RPR (Registered Professional Reporter) certification?

Federal Court Reporters Guild (FCRG)
National Stenography Certification Board (NSCB)
National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) (Correct answer)
American Association of Professional Reporters (AAPR)

Correct answer: National Court Reporters Association (NCRA)

The NCRA administers the RPR and all other professional court reporting certifications in the US.

Question 52: Which principle in the RPR Code of Ethics emphasizes the importance of impartiality and avoiding conflicts of interest?

Professionalism
Confidentiality
Competence
Impartiality and Conflicts of Interest (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Impartiality and Conflicts of Interest

The RPR Code of Ethics includes a specific principle on "Impartiality and Conflicts of Interest" to guide professional conduct. This principle mandates that reporters remain unbiased and objective in their work, avoiding any situations where personal interests or relationships could compromise their neutrality. Adhering to this ensures fairness, integrity, and trust in the legal system.

Question 53: Which sentence is punctuated correctly for a court transcript?

Q. Did you see the defendant? A. Yes I did.
Q: Did you see the defendant? A: Yes, I did.
Q Did you see the defendant. A Yes, I did.
Q. Did you see the defendant? A. Yes, I did. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Q. Did you see the defendant? A. Yes, I did.

Standard transcript format uses 'Q.' and 'A.' followed by a space, with a comma after 'Yes' in the answer.

Question 54: Which technology allows RPRs to provide real-time transcription services during legal proceedings?

Real-time captioning software
Stenotype machines with real-time display (Correct answer)
Digital audio recorders
Voice recognition software

Correct answer: Stenotype machines with real-time display

Stenotype machines equipped with real-time display capabilities are crucial for RPRs to provide immediate transcription services. As the reporter types in shorthand, the integrated software instantly translates these strokes into readable text that can be displayed on a screen for participants. This technology allows for real-time access to the spoken word during legal proceedings, depositions, or live captioning, enhancing accessibility and efficiency.

Question 55: What is the legal term for a court order directing a lower court to send records to a higher court for review?

Certiorari (Correct answer)
Subpoena duces tecum
Nolo contendere
Mandamus

Correct answer: Certiorari

A writ of certiorari is issued by a superior court to review the record of a lower court.

Question 56: Which is the correct way to transcribe a dollar amount stated as 'four hundred and fifty thousand dollars'?

$450.000
$450 thousand
Four hundred and fifty thousand dollars
$450,000 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: $450,000

Legal transcripts and standard style use numerical format with dollar signs for monetary amounts.

Question 57: What does 'MRI' stand for in medical imaging?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Correct answer)
Medical Radiological Imaging
Molecular Resonance Indicator
Multi-Radiation Inspection

Correct answer: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body's internal structures.

Question 58: What is 'realtime' reporting in the context of court reporting?

The instantaneous display of a stenographic translation on a screen as the reporter writes (Correct answer)
Reporting conducted without preparation or review time
A reporting method that eliminates the need for a written transcript
A type of audio-assisted transcription completed in real time

Correct answer: The instantaneous display of a stenographic translation on a screen as the reporter writes

Realtime reporting displays a translated transcript on connected devices simultaneously as the reporter writes.

Question 59: What does 'CAT software' stand for in court reporting technology?

Computer-Aided Transcription software (Correct answer)
Certified Automated Typing software
Computerized Accuracy Testing software
Court Automated Translation software

Correct answer: Computer-Aided Transcription software

CAT software translates stenographic strokes into readable text automatically in real time or during playback.

Question 60: What does the Latin phrase 'nolo contendere' mean as a legal plea?

I plead ignorance — lack of knowledge as a defense
I am not guilty — a full denial of charges
I do not contest it — accepting punishment without admitting guilt (Correct answer)
I request a continuance — a delay in proceedings

Correct answer: I do not contest it — accepting punishment without admitting guilt

Nolo contendere means the defendant does not contest the charges but does not admit guilt.

Question 61: Which technology is commonly used by RPRs to ensure accurate transcription of proceedings?

Voice recognition software
Stenotype machines (Correct answer)
Digital dictation devices
Handwritten notes

Correct answer: Stenotype machines

Stenotype machines are the primary technology used by RPRs for accurate transcription. These specialized keyboards allow reporters to type phonetic codes at very high speeds, often exceeding 200 words per minute. The phonetic input is then translated into readable English text by computer software, forming the basis of the official transcript.

Question 62: What is a 'subpoena duces tecum'?

An order to cease and desist an action
A summons requiring personal appearance in court
A court order granting immunity
A command to produce documents or physical evidence (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A command to produce documents or physical evidence

A subpoena duces tecum orders a party to bring specified documents or records to court.

Question 63: In a court transcript, how should a verbatim interjection such as 'uh-huh' be rendered?

Omitted as it is non-substantive
As 'Yes' to clarify meaning
Exactly as spoken: 'Uh-huh.' (Correct answer)
As '[affirmative]' in brackets

Correct answer: Exactly as spoken: 'Uh-huh.'

Court reporters must transcribe verbatim affirmative sounds exactly as spoken unless instructed otherwise.

Question 64: During literary dictation, what should an RPR do if they miss a word or phrase?

Skip it and move on
Guess the missing word or phrase
Stop the dictation to ask for clarification
Indicate the omission with a placeholder (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Indicate the omission with a placeholder

During literary dictation, if an RPR misses a word or phrase, they must never guess or attempt to fill in the blank. Instead, the correct procedure is to indicate the omission with a placeholder, such as a blank line or a notation like '(inaudible)'. This maintains the integrity of the transcript by clearly showing what was not captured, rather than introducing potential inaccuracies.

Question 65: Which of the following tools is most commonly used by RPRs to capture spoken words in shorthand?

Voice recognition software
Digital audio recorder
QWERTY keyboard
Stenotype machine (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Stenotype machine

The stenotype machine is the specialized tool predominantly used by Registered Professional Reporters (RPRs) to capture spoken words in shorthand. Unlike a standard keyboard, it features a limited number of keys that allow reporters to press multiple keys simultaneously to create phonetic codes. This method enables the rapid and accurate recording of dialogue at high speeds during legal proceedings.

Question 66: When a witness spells out a word during testimony, how should it appear in a transcript?

Written out as 'He spelled the name Thomas'
In brackets: [Thomas, spelled]
Exactly as spelled, with hyphens between each letter: T-H-O-M-A-S (Correct answer)
In all capitals: THOMAS

Correct answer: Exactly as spelled, with hyphens between each letter: T-H-O-M-A-S

When a witness spells aloud, each letter is transcribed separated by hyphens to reflect exactly what was said.

Question 67: What is the recommended method for a reporter to handle a word they do not know how to stroke during a proceeding?

Stop writing and look up the word in a reference guide
Skip the word entirely and continue writing
Ask the speaker to spell the word immediately
Write it phonetically and flag it for later dictionary resolution (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Write it phonetically and flag it for later dictionary resolution

Phonetic writing preserves the sound of the word so the reporter can look it up and correct it during transcript editing.

Question 68: What is the NCRA's policy on a reporter who fails to maintain impartiality during proceedings?

The matter is referred to state bar association review
No formal action is taken unless a judge files a complaint
They may face suspension or revocation of their NCRA credential (Correct answer)
They receive a written warning for a first offense only

Correct answer: They may face suspension or revocation of their NCRA credential

Violations of NCRA's Code of Professional Ethics can result in credential suspension or revocation.

Question 69: What is an 'ex parte' communication in the legal context?

A motion filed after the verdict
A joint statement agreed upon by both parties
A communication with the judge by only one party without notifying the other (Correct answer)
A written brief submitted to the appellate court

Correct answer: A communication with the judge by only one party without notifying the other

An ex parte communication involves only one party contacting the judge, which is generally prohibited.

Question 70: What does the term 'untranslate' mean in the context of CAT software?

A steno stroke that the CAT software could not translate into a word (Correct answer)
A stroke recorded in the log but omitted from the transcript
A previously translated word that the reporter manually changed
A word deleted from the personal dictionary

Correct answer: A steno stroke that the CAT software could not translate into a word

An untranslate is a raw steno outline that the software could not match to any dictionary entry.

Question 71: What is 'hearsay' evidence in US federal court?

A document not authenticated by its author
Testimony given without oath
An out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted (Correct answer)
Expert testimony that contradicts another expert

Correct answer: An out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement introduced to prove the truth of what was stated, generally inadmissible.

Question 72: What does the term 'etiology' mean in medical or scientific contexts?

The physical symptoms of a disease
The statistical study of disease prevalence
The cause or origin of a disease or condition (Correct answer)
The treatment protocol for a condition

Correct answer: The cause or origin of a disease or condition

Etiology refers to the study of causes or origins of diseases and medical conditions.

Question 73: Which suffix means 'inflammation of' in medical terminology?

-ectomy
-plasty
-osis
-itis (Correct answer)

Correct answer: -itis

The suffix -itis denotes inflammation, as in appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix).

Question 74: How should a transcript reflect simultaneous crosstalk between two attorneys?

Transcribe only the attorney who began speaking first
Skip the passage and insert [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
Note '(Simultaneous crosstalk.)' and then report what could be discerned (Correct answer)
Assign each speaker to separate columns

Correct answer: Note '(Simultaneous crosstalk.)' and then report what could be discerned

Crosstalk is noted parenthetically and any intelligible portions are transcribed as accurately as possible.

Question 75: What is the term for a formal written statement made under oath used as evidence in court?

Subpoena
Deposition
Injunction
Affidavit (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Affidavit

An affidavit is a sworn written statement used as evidence in legal proceedings.

Question 76: What is a 'continuance' in a legal proceeding?

An order to continue presenting evidence
A ruling that allows a case to proceed to trial
A postponement of a scheduled court date to a later time (Correct answer)
The resumption of testimony after a lunch break

Correct answer: A postponement of a scheduled court date to a later time

A continuance postpones a court proceeding to a future date, often granted for good cause.

Question 77: What does the term 'voir dire' refer to in US court proceedings?

The reading of charges to a defendant
The closing arguments of counsel
A preliminary examination of a witness or juror to determine competency (Correct answer)
A motion to dismiss the case

Correct answer: A preliminary examination of a witness or juror to determine competency

Voir dire is a French phrase meaning 'to speak the truth' and refers to the jury selection examination.

Question 78: In competitive speed testing, how is the error rate calculated for a court reporter?

Number of errors divided by total words attempted, multiplied by 100 to get a percentage (Correct answer)
Number of wrong keystrokes divided by total keystrokes
Total word errors minus words omitted
Total number of misspelled words per page

Correct answer: Number of errors divided by total words attempted, multiplied by 100 to get a percentage

Error rate is calculated as the percentage of incorrect words relative to the total words in the passage.

Question 79: What is one of the best practices for ensuring the accuracy of a transcript?

Using transcription software without manual review
Proofreading and verifying the transcript against the audio recording (Correct answer)
Relying solely on memory to fill in gaps
Typing the transcript as quickly as possible

Correct answer: Proofreading and verifying the transcript against the audio recording

One of the best practices for ensuring the accuracy of a transcript is thorough proofreading and verification against the original audio recording. After the initial transcription, the RPR meticulously reviews the written text while listening to the audio, correcting any errors in spelling, punctuation, or missed words. This meticulous process guarantees a precise and reliable record of the proceedings.

Question 80: In stenography, what is the 'QWERTY row' referred to in machine layout context?

The middle row of keys on a standard steno machine
The row of number keys at the top of the steno machine
The steno machine has no QWERTY layout — it uses a unique phonetic key arrangement (Correct answer)
A software mode that allows QWERTY keyboard entry

Correct answer: The steno machine has no QWERTY layout — it uses a unique phonetic key arrangement

Steno machines use a phonetic key layout — not QWERTY — with consonant and vowel keys arranged for chording.

Question 81: Which of the following is a prerequisite for sitting for the RPR examination?

Five years of active court reporting experience
Passing the Registered Diplomate Reporter (RDR) exam first
Holding a valid Registered Merit Reporter (RMR) or Provisional RPR status OR completing an approved court reporting program (Correct answer)
A bachelor's degree in a legal field

Correct answer: Holding a valid Registered Merit Reporter (RMR) or Provisional RPR status OR completing an approved court reporting program

Candidates must meet NCRA eligibility requirements including approved education or provisional status.

Question 82: How can RPRs ensure the security and confidentiality of their digital transcripts?

By using strong passwords and encryption for digital files (Correct answer)
By sharing transcripts only via email
By printing all transcripts and storing them physically
By limiting access to transcription software

Correct answer: By using strong passwords and encryption for digital files

To ensure the security and confidentiality of digital transcripts, RPRs must implement robust cybersecurity practices. Using strong, unique passwords prevents unauthorized access to sensitive files and systems, while encryption scrambles the data, rendering it unreadable without the correct key. These measures are critical for protecting private legal information and maintaining client trust.

Question 83: What is the recommended procedure when a reporter discovers a material error in a certified transcript?

File the error with the court clerk and take no further action
Notify all parties, prepare an errata or corrected transcript, and re-certify it (Correct answer)
Notify only the requesting party and allow them to decide
Quietly correct the error without notifying parties to avoid disruption

Correct answer: Notify all parties, prepare an errata or corrected transcript, and re-certify it

Reporters are ethically obligated to correct material errors transparently and re-certify the corrected transcript.

Question 84: Which medical term refers to the surgical removal of the appendix?

Appendoplasty
Appendostomy
Appendolysis
Appendectomy (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Appendectomy

An appendectomy is the surgical procedure to remove the appendix, often due to appendicitis.

Question 85: What does 'hematology' study?

The study of the liver and its diseases
The study of blood and blood-forming tissues (Correct answer)
The study of the heart and cardiovascular system
The study of the kidneys and urinary tract

Correct answer: The study of blood and blood-forming tissues

Hematology is the branch of medicine concerned with blood disorders and diseases.

Question 86: What is the medical term for high blood pressure?

Hypertension (Correct answer)
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia

Correct answer: Hypertension

Hypertension is the medical term for consistently elevated arterial blood pressure.

Question 87: What is 'dyspnea' as used in medical testimony?

Chest pain upon exertion
Abnormal heartbeat rhythm
Difficulty or labored breathing (Correct answer)
Difficulty swallowing

Correct answer: Difficulty or labored breathing

Dyspnea is the medical term for shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

Question 88: What is the role of a 'court reporter' during trial proceedings?

To summarize court testimony for the judge
To create a verbatim transcript of all spoken words in the proceeding (Correct answer)
To manage exhibits and document filing
To inform jurors of procedural rules

Correct answer: To create a verbatim transcript of all spoken words in the proceeding

A court reporter produces a complete, verbatim record of all statements made during legal proceedings.

Question 89: In US courts, the term 'overruled' from a judge in response to an objection means what?

The objection is denied and the witness may answer (Correct answer)
The objection is sustained and the question is disallowed
The testimony is stricken from the record
The case is dismissed

Correct answer: The objection is denied and the witness may answer

When a judge overrules an objection, the questioning may continue and the witness must answer.

Question 90: How should a proper noun that is a compound title — such as 'Assistant District Attorney' — be capitalized in a transcript?

Lowercase all words unless at the start of a sentence
Capitalize only the first word of the compound title
Capitalize all principal words when used as a formal title before a name (Correct answer)
Use all capitals for any professional title

Correct answer: Capitalize all principal words when used as a formal title before a name

Formal titles are capitalized when they precede a person's name as part of the title.

Question 91: What is a 'stroke' in machine stenography?

The process of transcribing one line of shorthand
A single key press on the steno machine
The simultaneous depression of one or more keys to produce a syllable or word (Correct answer)
One complete page of steno notes

Correct answer: The simultaneous depression of one or more keys to produce a syllable or word

A stroke in stenography is one simultaneous key press of multiple keys that encodes a syllable, word, or phrase.

Question 92: What does 'fingering' refer to in stenographic practice?

A technique for quiet operation of the steno machine
Switching which hand controls vowel keys
The consistent assignment of specific fingers to specific keys for stroke efficiency (Correct answer)
Manually pressing each key individually rather than chorded

Correct answer: The consistent assignment of specific fingers to specific keys for stroke efficiency

Fingering discipline ensures muscle memory consistency, reducing errors and improving speed.

Question 93: Which NCRA certification is a prerequisite for the Registered Diplomate Reporter (RDR) credential?

The CRI (Certified Realtime Instructor)
The CCRR (Certified Court Reporter of Record)
The RPR (Registered Professional Reporter) (Correct answer)
The CLVS (Certified Legal Video Specialist)

Correct answer: The RPR (Registered Professional Reporter)

Candidates must hold an active RPR before sitting for the more advanced RDR examination.

Question 94: What does the prefix 'brady-' mean in medical terminology?

Fast
Slow (Correct answer)
Irregular
Absent

Correct answer: Slow

Brady- means slow, as seen in bradycardia, which is an abnormally slow heart rate.

Question 95: Under NCRA guidelines, what must a reporter do before agreeing to provide services if a potential conflict exists?

Request that a supervisor make the decision on their behalf
Disclose the conflict to all parties and obtain their consent or decline the assignment (Correct answer)
Proceed normally as long as the conflict is minor
Simply inform the judge before the proceeding begins

Correct answer: Disclose the conflict to all parties and obtain their consent or decline the assignment

Full disclosure to all parties and obtaining consent is required before proceeding with a conflicted assignment.

Question 96: What is the expected course of action if an RPR discovers they made an error in a transcript?

Correct the error and notify the relevant parties (Correct answer)
Delete the entire transcript to avoid issues
Ignore the error if it is minor
Wait until someone else finds the error

Correct answer: Correct the error and notify the relevant parties

The RPR Code of Ethics mandates that if a reporter discovers an error in a transcript, they have a professional obligation to correct it promptly. Furthermore, they must notify all relevant parties involved in the proceeding about the correction. This ensures the accuracy and integrity of the official record, which is critical for legal documentation.

Question 97: How should a court reporter indicate laughter during proceedings?

By writing '[EMOTIONAL RESPONSE]'
By spelling it out: 'Ha ha ha.'
With a parenthetical notation: '(Laughter.)' (Correct answer)
It should be omitted as non-verbal

Correct answer: With a parenthetical notation: '(Laughter.)'

Non-verbal occurrences like laughter are captured with parenthetical notations in the transcript.

Question 98: What is the primary role of a Registered Professional Reporter in legal settings?

To manage courtroom procedures
To provide legal advice to clients
To enforce court rules and regulations
To record and transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To record and transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form

The primary role of a Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) in legal settings is to create an accurate, verbatim record of spoken proceedings. Using specialized equipment like stenotype machines, they transcribe spoken words into written form, producing official transcripts of depositions, court hearings, and other legal events. This ensures a precise and impartial record for all parties involved.

Question 99: What is a key ethical responsibility of an RPR when handling confidential information?

Keeping it secure and not disclosing it without authorization (Correct answer)
Sharing it with other reporters for verification
Using it for personal gain
Discussing it with friends and family

Correct answer: Keeping it secure and not disclosing it without authorization

A key ethical responsibility of an RPR is to maintain the utmost confidentiality of all information encountered during legal proceedings. They are privy to sensitive and private details, and it is imperative that they keep this information secure and never disclose it without proper authorization. This duty upholds the integrity of the legal process and protects the privacy of individuals.

Question 100: When should a reporter use a colon versus a semicolon in a transcript?

A colon is used before direct quotes; a semicolon before indirect quotes
A colon ends a sentence; a semicolon introduces a list
A colon introduces a list or elaboration; a semicolon joins related independent clauses (Correct answer)
They are interchangeable in transcript formatting

Correct answer: A colon introduces a list or elaboration; a semicolon joins related independent clauses

A colon introduces explanatory or listed material, while a semicolon connects related complete thoughts.

Question 101: In steno theory, what is a 'conflict' or 'steno conflict'?

A disagreement between a reporter and attorney over a word
An error caused by pressing the wrong key
When two different words produce the same steno stroke outline (Correct answer)
A mistranslation due to a software glitch

Correct answer: When two different words produce the same steno stroke outline

A steno conflict occurs when a single outline could represent two or more different words, requiring resolution in the dictionary.

Question 102: In pharmacology, what does 'subcutaneous' administration mean?

Delivered into a vein
Applied directly to the skin surface
Injected beneath the skin (Correct answer)
Administered through the mouth

Correct answer: Injected beneath the skin

Subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the fatty tissue layer just below the skin.

Question 103: What is the purpose of 'dictionary management' as an ongoing practice for working reporters?

Standardizing transcript formatting across different client preferences
Continuously adding new terms, names, and briefs to maintain high realtime translation accuracy (Correct answer)
Removing old case files from the CAT software archive
Organizing transcripts alphabetically by case name

Correct answer: Continuously adding new terms, names, and briefs to maintain high realtime translation accuracy

Active dictionary management ensures the CAT software accurately translates specialized terminology, names, and new briefs encountered in practice.

Question 104: When practicing to reach 225 wpm, what does 'pyramiding' refer to as a training technique?

Practicing a passage starting slowly, building speed, then stepping back down (Correct answer)
Practicing progressively harder vocabulary within the same speed
Stacking multiple briefs into single strokes
Increasing session length gradually over days

Correct answer: Practicing a passage starting slowly, building speed, then stepping back down

Pyramiding builds confidence and accuracy by incrementally reaching and retreating from target speeds.

Question 105: What is the primary function of Computer-Aided Transcription (CAT) software for an RPR?

To format the text automatically
To interpret the text
To record audio during proceedings
To convert stenographic notes into readable text (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To convert stenographic notes into readable text

Computer-Aided Transcription (CAT) software is a specialized tool for Registered Professional Reporters (RPRs) that translates their stenographic notes into readable text. The software uses a comprehensive dictionary to convert the shorthand strokes captured on a stenotype machine into full English words and phrases. This primary function significantly streamlines the transcription process, enabling the efficient production of accurate legal documents.

Question 106: Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(e), who has the right to review and sign a deposition transcript to note any changes?

The judge assigned to the case
Only the examining attorney
Only the court reporter who certified it
The deponent (witness) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The deponent (witness)

FRCP Rule 30(e) grants the deponent the right to review the transcript and note changes in form or substance on an errata sheet.

Question 107: According to NCRA guidelines, what is the recommended minimum retention period for a court reporter's stenographic notes?

10 years
3 years
1 year
5 years (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 5 years

NCRA recommends retaining stenographic notes for a minimum of five years so transcripts can be verified or reproduced if challenged.

Question 108: Which term describes inflammation of the joints?

Tendinitis
Arthritis (Correct answer)
Bursitis
Myositis

Correct answer: Arthritis

Arthritis refers to inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness.

Question 109: What does 'bilateral' mean in a medical or scientific context?

Affecting or pertaining to both sides (Correct answer)
Occurring in two separate stages
Measured on two different scales
Involving two different organs

Correct answer: Affecting or pertaining to both sides

Bilateral means relating to or affecting both sides of the body or a structure.

Question 110: What does the RPR Code of Ethics say about accepting gifts or gratuities from clients?

It depends on the nature of the case
It is prohibited to maintain impartiality and avoid conflicts of interest (Correct answer)
It is encouraged as a sign of appreciation
It is acceptable if the gift is of low monetary value

Correct answer: It is prohibited to maintain impartiality and avoid conflicts of interest

The RPR Code of Ethics strictly prohibits accepting gifts or gratuities from clients. This rule is in place to uphold the reporter's impartiality and prevent any perception of bias or conflict of interest that could arise from such exchanges. Maintaining an objective and unbiased stance is fundamental to the integrity of the legal transcription profession.

Question 111: What is the purpose of 'finger drills' in speed-building practice?

To strengthen physical finger endurance for long sessions
To practice switching between different steno machines
To improve typing speed on a standard QWERTY keyboard
To build muscle memory and stroke accuracy for common word combinations (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To build muscle memory and stroke accuracy for common word combinations

Finger drills develop automaticity and muscle memory so common strokes require no conscious thought.

Question 112: In stenographic theory, what is a 'brief form' or 'brief'?

A shortened stenographic outline for a frequently used word (Correct answer)
A one-page summary of exhibits
A summary of a witness's testimony
A condensed version of a full transcript

Correct answer: A shortened stenographic outline for a frequently used word

A brief form is a memorized abbreviated stroke for a common word used to increase writing speed.

Question 113: In a deposition, a 'read-back' request asks the reporter to do which of the following?

Read the next question aloud from the attorney's notes
Re-administer the oath to the witness
Ask the witness to re-read the transcript before signing
Re-read a portion of testimony already given in the proceeding (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Re-read a portion of testimony already given in the proceeding

A read-back is the reporter re-reading a specific portion of prior testimony, typically requested by an attorney to clarify what was already said.

Question 114: According to the RPR Code of Ethics, how should a reporter handle confidential information obtained during the course of their work?

Keep it strictly confidential and secure (Correct answer)
Disclose it only if asked by a friend
Post it on social media for transparency
Share it with colleagues for advice

Correct answer: Keep it strictly confidential and secure

According to the RPR Code of Ethics, reporters are bound by a strict duty of confidentiality regarding all information obtained during their work. This means they must not disclose any sensitive or private details to unauthorized parties and must take all necessary steps to secure digital and physical records. Maintaining confidentiality is paramount to protecting the privacy of individuals and the integrity of legal proceedings.

Question 115: What is the purpose of a scopist in the transcription process?

To provide technical support for CAT software
To interpret legal jargon
To verify the accuracy of the transcribed text (Correct answer)
To prepare the transcript for publication

Correct answer: To verify the accuracy of the transcribed text

A scopist plays a vital role in the transcription process by reviewing and editing the initial draft of a transcript produced by a court reporter. Their primary purpose is to meticulously verify the accuracy of the transcribed text against the audio recording, correcting any errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, and proper names. This ensures the final legal document is precise and error-free.

Question 116: What is the function of a 'personal dictionary' in CAT (Computer-Aided Transcription) software?

A spell-check library imported from standard word processors
A collection of preferred synonyms used during editing
A log of previous cases and their terminology
A reporter-specific database mapping steno outlines to words for accurate translation (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A reporter-specific database mapping steno outlines to words for accurate translation

A personal dictionary contains customized steno-to-word mappings that improve translation accuracy for each reporter.

Question 117: How should a reporter handle a word they could not hear during testimony?

Insert a phonetic spelling in parentheses or mark as [inaudible] (Correct answer)
Omit the word and continue transcribing
Request an immediate read-back before continuing
Insert the most likely word based on context

Correct answer: Insert a phonetic spelling in parentheses or mark as [inaudible]

Inaudible or unclear words should be marked with a notation such as [inaudible] to preserve accuracy.

NCRA Registered Professional Reporter (RPR) Written Knowledge Test

The RPR is NCRA's entry-level certification for court reporters, validating competency in technology and innovation, industry practices, and professional ethics required for professional stenographic reporting.

120

Questions

110 min

Time Limit

70%

To Pass

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These practice questions were written with AI tools. They are not real exam questions. Exam facts are checked against the official sources listed below. Not reviewed by a subject-matter expert. Editorial policy

Sources & references

Exam facts on this page (fees, format, dates, passing scores) are checked against these official sources; the date is our last check. Editorial policy

ncra.org — Eligibility, exam format, passing score, renewal, retake policy, time limit, score validity, test delivery, score release, fees · verified Nov 2026
pearsonvue.com — Test delivery · verified Nov 2026