Anatomy, Physiology & Pathophysiology Flashcards

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone?

Answer: Zona glomerulosa

The zona glomerulosa is the outermost cortical layer and is the sole site of aldosterone production.

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which hormone primarily drives estrogen production by granulosa cells?

Answer: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSH stimulates granulosa cells to aromatize androgens into estrogen during the follicular phase.

A patient presents with pitting edema, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria. Which pathophysiological mechanism best explains the edema?

Answer: Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Loss of albumin through the kidneys reduces plasma oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to shift into interstitial spaces.

The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in which part of the heart?

Answer: Right atrial wall near the superior vena cava

The SA node sits in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the junction with the superior vena cava.

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for contact dermatitis caused by poison ivy?

Answer: Type IV (delayed/cell-mediated)

Poison ivy triggers a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by sensitized T lymphocytes, peaking 48–72 hours after exposure.

Which cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose?

Answer: Alpha cells

Alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon in response to low blood glucose.

The process by which the kidneys regulate blood pH by excreting or retaining bicarbonate is called:

Answer: Tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate

Renal tubules can selectively reabsorb or excrete bicarbonate ions to maintain acid-base balance over hours to days.