Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Schools and Theorists 2

Question 1

Erik Erikson expanded Freudian theory by proposing a lifespan model based on which organizing principle?

Accepted Answer

Psychosocial crises across eight stages

Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory describes eight stages each involving a crisis between two opposing tendencies, such as trust vs. mistrust.

Question 2

What distinguishes ego psychology, as advanced by Heinz Hartmann, from classical Freudian theory?

Accepted Answer

It proposed that the ego has autonomous, conflict-free functions

Answer

Hartmann argued that the ego possesses autonomous functions—such as perception and memory—that are independent of drive conflict.

Question 3

W.R.D. Fairbairn's object relations model departed from Freud by proposing that the libido is fundamentally what?

Accepted Answer

Object-seeking

Answer

Fairbairn argued that the libido's primary aim is contact with objects (people), not pleasure or tension reduction.

Question 4

In Jungian analytical psychology, the 'shadow' refers to which aspect of the psyche?

Accepted Answer

The unconscious repository of traits the ego rejects or denies

Answer

Jung's shadow comprises the personal unconscious elements—impulses, weaknesses, and desires—that the conscious ego disavows.

Question 5

The term 'interpersonal psychoanalysis,' associated with Harry Stack Sullivan, emphasizes which core premise?

Accepted Answer

Personality is shaped entirely by interpersonal relationships and security operations

Answer

Sullivan held that the self and personality are constituted through interpersonal experience, not internal drive dynamics.

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