Human Development and Behavior Flashcards

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary conflict faced during adolescence (ages 12–18)?

Answer: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson identified Identity vs. Role Confusion as the central conflict of adolescence, during which individuals explore who they are and where they fit in society.

Piaget's concept of 'object permanence' typically develops during which stage of cognitive development?

Answer: Sensorimotor stage

Object permanence — understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight — develops during the sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2).

Bowlby's attachment theory emphasizes that a child's early bond with a caregiver primarily serves what function?

Answer: A secure base for exploration and emotional regulation

Bowlby proposed that attachment provides the child with a secure base from which to explore the world and return to when threatened, supporting emotional regulation.

Which theorist introduced the concept of the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) to describe learning potential?

Answer: Lev Vygotsky

Vygotsky's ZPD refers to the range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not yet independently, highlighting the social nature of learning.

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, which system directly includes the child's immediate environments such as family and school?

Answer: Microsystem

The microsystem is the innermost layer and consists of the settings in which the child directly participates, such as family, school, and peer groups.

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which level involves following rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards?

Answer: Pre-conventional morality

Pre-conventional morality is the earliest level, in which moral reasoning is driven by self-interest — avoiding punishment and seeking personal gain.

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'resilience' in human development?

Answer: Positive adaptation and healthy functioning despite significant adversity

Resilience is the capacity to adapt successfully and function well in the face of significant stress, adversity, or trauma, not the absence of difficulty.