Pharmacology & Therapeutics Flashcards

Which class of medication is first-line for treating hypertension in patients under 55 years old according to current guidelines?

Answer: ACE inhibitors or ARBs

ACE inhibitors (e.g., ramipril) or ARBs (e.g., losartan) are first-line antihypertensives for patients under 55, as they target the renin-angiotensin system that is typically more active in younger patients.

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

Answer: Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity

Metformin works primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving peripheral insulin sensitivity, making it the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes.

Which anticoagulant requires regular INR monitoring?

Answer: Warfarin

Warfarin requires regular INR (International Normalized Ratio) monitoring because it has a narrow therapeutic index and its effect is influenced by diet, medications, and individual metabolism.

A patient on a statin reports new-onset muscle pain. What blood test should be ordered?

Answer: Creatine kinase (CK) levels

Statin-related myopathy is assessed by measuring creatine kinase levels. Significantly elevated CK suggests muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) requiring immediate statin discontinuation.

What is the antidote for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose?

Answer: N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

N-acetylcysteine is the specific antidote for paracetamol overdose, replenishing glutathione stores and protecting the liver from the toxic metabolite NAPQI.

Which antibiotic class should be avoided in children due to effects on developing cartilage?

Answer: Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are generally avoided in children because they can cause damage to developing cartilage and tendons, with exceptions only for serious infections.