PANRE Nephrology Flashcards
6 cards from real PANRE practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 6 PANRE Nephrology flashcards as text
A patient with CKD has a serum potassium of 6.4 mEq/L with peaked T-waves on EKG. What is the FIRST priority treatment?
Answer: Calcium gluconate IV
IV calcium gluconate is given first in hyperkalemia with EKG changes to stabilize the cardiac membrane and prevent fatal arrhythmias.
Which formula is currently recommended for estimating GFR in clinical practice?
Answer: CKD-EPI equation
The CKD-EPI equation is the currently recommended formula for estimating GFR in adults and has replaced MDRD as the standard.
Which is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults in the United States?
Answer: Membranous nephropathy
Membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in adults, often associated with PLA2R antibodies.
Which medication class is first-line for reducing proteinuria and slowing progression of diabetic nephropathy?
Answer: ACE inhibitors or ARBs
ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce intraglomerular pressure and proteinuria, providing renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy.
A patient presents with flank pain, hematuria, and nausea. CT shows a 4 mm ureteral stone. What is the most appropriate initial management?
Answer: Hydration, analgesia, and alpha-blocker (tamsulosin)
Stones ≤5 mm have a high rate of spontaneous passage; conservative management with hydration, analgesia, and medical expulsive therapy is first-line.
Which urinalysis finding is pathognomonic for acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?
Answer: Granular (muddy brown) casts
Granular 'muddy brown' casts result from sloughed tubular epithelial cells and are pathognomonic for acute tubular necrosis.