NBCC Human Growth & Development

Question 1

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task of adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. role confusion

Answer

According to Erik Erikson, the primary developmental task during adolescence (roughly ages 12-18) is to establish a sense of personal identity. Teenagers explore various roles, beliefs, and values to form a coherent self-concept. Failure to successfully navigate this stage can lead to role confusion, where individuals are unsure of their place in the world.

Question 2

In Piaget’s theory, which stage involves learning through sensory experiences and manipulating objects?

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor

Answer

Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage, occurring from birth to approximately two years of age, is characterized by infants learning about the world primarily through their senses and motor activities. During this stage, babies develop object permanence and begin to understand cause and effect through direct interaction with their environment. They manipulate objects and experience the world directly.

Question 3

Which theorist is known for the hierarchy of needs that culminates in self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Maslow

Answer

Abraham Maslow is renowned for his hierarchy of needs theory, which posits that individuals are motivated to fulfill a series of needs, starting with basic physiological requirements and progressing to safety, love/belonging, esteem, and ultimately, self-actualization. Self-actualization represents the realization of one's full potential and is the highest level in his hierarchy.

Question 4

What term describes the support systems that help individuals deal with life challenges and transitions?

Accepted Answer

Protective factors

Answer

Protective factors are conditions or attributes of individuals, families, communities, or the larger society that mitigate or eliminate risk, thereby promoting healthy development and well-being. These support systems, such as strong family bonds, positive peer relationships, or access to resources, help individuals cope with stress and adversity, fostering resilience and positive outcomes.

Question 5

What is the primary characteristic of the formal operational stage in Piaget’s theory?

Accepted Answer

Abstract reasoning

Answer

The formal operational stage, typically beginning around age 11 or 12 and continuing into adulthood, is the final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Its primary characteristic is the ability to think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically. Individuals can engage in systematic planning, deductive reasoning, and consider multiple perspectives, moving beyond concrete experiences.

(NBCC) National Board for Certified Counselors Practice Test

(NBCC) National Board for Certified Counselors Practice Test

NBCC Human Growth & Development