OCN Cancer Biology and Pathophysiology

Question 1

Which hallmark of cancer involves the tumor's ability to grow its own blood supply?

Accepted Answer

Sustained angiogenesis

Answer

Evading apoptosis

Answer

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

Answer

Limitless replicative potential

Question 2

A proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene through which process?

Accepted Answer

Mutation, amplification, or translocation that causes gain-of-function overactivation

Answer

Deletion of the gene entirely

Answer

Loss-of-function mutation in a tumor suppressor

Answer

Normal aging-related methylation

Question 3

Which mechanism explains why cancer cells continue to divide without responding to normal growth-stop signals?

Accepted Answer

Insensitivity to antigrowth signals (dysregulation of tumor suppressor pathways)

Answer

Increased nutrient intake

Answer

Overproduction of hormones

Answer

Overactivation of apoptosis

Question 4

The Warburg effect in cancer cells refers to which metabolic phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Preferential use of aerobic glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen

Answer

Increased oxidative phosphorylation exclusively

Answer

Decreased glucose uptake by cancer cells

Answer

Preferential use of fatty acids for energy

Question 5

Metastasis occurs through which sequence of events?

Accepted Answer

Local invasion → intravasation → circulation → extravasation → colonization

Answer

Colonization → circulation → local invasion

Answer

Angiogenesis → extravasation → intravasation

Answer

Apoptosis → local invasion → circulation

Question 6

Which type of gene mutation is found in the germline and can be inherited by offspring?

Accepted Answer

Germline mutation (hereditary)

Answer

Somatic mutation (acquired)

Answer

Frameshift mutation only

Answer

Silent mutation only