OCN Cancer Biology and Pathophysiology 2

Question 1

TNM staging for solid tumors classifies cancers based on which three factors?

Accepted Answer

Tumor size/extent, lymph Node involvement, and Metastasis

Answer

Tumor type, Necrosis, and Molecular markers

Answer

Treatment response, Nodular pattern, and Metastasis

Answer

Tissue grade, Necrosis, and Margin status

Question 2

Which oncogene is frequently amplified in HER2-positive breast cancer, making it a therapeutic target?

Accepted Answer

ERBB2 (HER2/neu)

Answer

KRAS

Answer

MYC

Answer

BCL-2

Question 3

Tumor grade refers to which pathological characteristic?

Accepted Answer

How differentiated (similar to normal tissue) the cancer cells appear under microscopy

Answer

The physical size of the tumor

Answer

The number of lymph nodes involved

Answer

The presence of distant metastases

Question 4

Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) is caused by mutations in which genes?

Accepted Answer

Mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2)

Answer

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Answer

APC and PTEN

Answer

RB1 and TP53

Question 5

Which tumor marker is most specific for monitoring colorectal cancer recurrence?

Accepted Answer

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Answer

CA-125

Answer

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Answer

PSA

Question 6

Tumor heterogeneity refers to which biological characteristic of cancers?

Accepted Answer

Genetic diversity among cells within the same tumor, leading to varied drug sensitivities

Answer

Uniform cell populations within a tumor

Answer

The spread of cancer to multiple organs

Answer

Identical genetic profiles across primary and metastatic sites