NYPD Legal Definitions and Police Procedures Flashcards

Under U.S. law, what constitutes 'probable cause'?

Answer: A reasonable belief based on articulable facts that a crime has been or is being committed

Probable cause requires a reasonable belief supported by specific, articulable facts — not mere suspicion.

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures?

Answer: Fourth Amendment

The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires warrants to be supported by probable cause.

Under the Miranda ruling, when must an officer advise a suspect of their rights?

Answer: Before conducting a custodial interrogation

Miranda warnings are required before custodial interrogation — when the suspect is both in custody and subject to interrogation.

What does 'exigent circumstances' permit law enforcement to do?

Answer: Enter a premises without a warrant when immediate action is necessary to prevent harm or destruction of evidence

Exigent circumstances allow warrantless entry when there is an urgent need to prevent harm, escape, or evidence destruction.

What is a 'Terry stop,' as established by Terry v. Ohio?

Answer: A brief investigatory stop based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity

A Terry stop is a brief detention based on reasonable suspicion, allowing officers to investigate without making a full arrest.

What is the 'exclusionary rule' in U.S. criminal law?

Answer: Evidence obtained through illegal searches or seizures cannot be used in court

The exclusionary rule bars the use of illegally obtained evidence in court to deter unconstitutional police conduct.