Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

Which layer of the heart muscle is responsible for the pumping action?

Answer: Myocardium

The myocardium is the middle, thick muscular layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle cells responsible for the contraction that pumps blood.

The normal pH range of human arterial blood is:

Answer: 7.35–7.45

Normal arterial blood pH is 7.35–7.45. Values below 7.35 indicate acidosis; values above 7.45 indicate alkalosis.

Which organ is responsible for producing insulin?

Answer: Pancreas

The pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain beta cells that produce and secrete insulin in response to rising blood glucose levels.

The anatomical position reference term 'proximal' means:

Answer: Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Proximal describes a structure closer to the point of origin or attachment (e.g., the proximal humerus is the shoulder end of the upper arm bone).

The primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) is to:

Answer: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, also carrying a portion of CO2 back to the lungs.

Which structure of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

Answer: Alveoli

Alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out, performing gas exchange.