National Physical Therapy Examination – Physical Therapist Assistant (NPTE-PTA) — Questions and Answers

Question 1: A patient presents with a burn wound that is blistered, moist, red, and extremely painful to touch. This burn MOST accurately represents:

Superficial partial-thickness (second-degree) burn (Correct answer)
Deep partial-thickness (second-degree) burn
Full-thickness (third-degree) burn
Superficial (first-degree) burn

Correct answer: Superficial partial-thickness (second-degree) burn

Superficial partial-thickness burns involve the epidermis and superficial dermis, presenting with blistering, a moist red wound bed, and intense pain because nerve endings remain intact.

Question 2: A patient is performing a standing balance exercise on a foam pad with eyes closed. This activity primarily challenges the:

Vestibular system and somatosensory integration (Correct answer)
Motor cortex proprioception alone
Cerebellar fine motor coordination
Visual system only

Correct answer: Vestibular system and somatosensory integration

Eyes closed on an unstable surface removes both visual and somatosensory cues, forcing the vestibular system to take primary responsibility for balance.

Question 3: Which vital sign parameter should prompt a PTA to stop exercise in a patient with hypertension?

Systolic BP rises to 150 mmHg
SpO2 is 96%
Diastolic BP rises above 110 mmHg during exercise (Correct answer)
Heart rate reaches 120 bpm

Correct answer: Diastolic BP rises above 110 mmHg during exercise

Exercise should be stopped if diastolic BP exceeds 110 mmHg, as this indicates excessive cardiovascular stress and a risk for adverse events.

Question 4: Using the Rule of Nines, what percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) does one entire upper extremity represent in an adult?

9% (Correct answer)
4.5%
13.5%
18%

Correct answer: 9%

In the adult Rule of Nines, each upper extremity (including the arm, forearm, and hand) represents 9% of TBSA, making both upper extremities together 18%.

Question 5: A patient with Parkinson's disease exhibits a festinating gait. Which description best fits this gait pattern?

Short shuffling steps with increasing speed (Correct answer)
Scissor gait with hip adduction
Steppage gait with high knee lift
Wide-based gait with lateral trunk sway

Correct answer: Short shuffling steps with increasing speed

Festinating gait in Parkinson's disease is characterized by progressively shorter and faster shuffling steps as the patient leans forward to catch their center of gravity.

Question 6: What transfer technique is safest for a dependent patient moving from bed to wheelchair?

Mechanical (hoyer) lift transfer (Correct answer)
Pivot transfer without a gait belt
Stand-pivot with a gait belt, one-person assist
Two-person lift transfer

Correct answer: Mechanical (hoyer) lift transfer

A mechanical (Hoyer) lift is the safest technique for dependent patients who cannot assist in transfers, protecting both the patient and the clinician from injury.

Question 7: Which of the following is the best assistive equipment for a patient who was once very active but now has mild hemiplegia as a result of a right hemisphere CVA? The patient has MMT 4+/5 in both the upper and lower extremities on the unaffected side.

Rolling walker with platform on the left side.
Hem walker used in the left hand
Single point cane used in the right hand
Hemi walker used in the right hand (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Hemi walker used in the right hand

A hemi walker is the greatest option because of the patient's prior degree of function and generally good strength on the unaffected side. Hemi walkers ought to be used with caution. Deficits on the left side of the brain will come from CVAs on the right side of the brain.

Question 8: A patient presents with a venous stasis ulcer on the medial lower leg. ABI is measured at 0.85. The MOST appropriate primary intervention is:

Surgical debridement only
Unna boot alone without additional compression
Multilayer compression bandaging (Correct answer)
Elevation without any compression

Correct answer: Multilayer compression bandaging

Venous stasis ulcers require compression to reduce venous hypertension; an ABI ≥ 0.8 indicates adequate arterial perfusion to safely tolerate full multilayer compression therapy.

Question 9: A patient presents with a positive Lachman test. Which structure is most likely injured?

Medial collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament (Correct answer)
Lateral meniscus
Posterior cruciate ligament

Correct answer: Anterior cruciate ligament

The Lachman test assesses anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) integrity by applying an anterior force to the tibia with the knee at 20–30° of flexion.

Question 10: A PTA notices that a patient's chart contains a physician's order for 'ultrasound to left shoulder.' Before beginning treatment, the PTA should:

Consult the supervising PT for a complete plan of care before treating (Correct answer)
Request a new order specifying exact frequency and intensity
Contact the physician to clarify the specific parameters
Proceed with standard ultrasound parameters for shoulder pathology

Correct answer: Consult the supervising PT for a complete plan of care before treating

PTAs must work within a PT-established plan of care; if no PT plan of care exists, the PTA must consult the supervising PT before initiating treatment.

Question 11: According to the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP), a Stage II pressure injury is characterized by which finding?

Full-thickness skin loss with visible subcutaneous fat
Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis (Correct answer)
Intact skin with non-blanchable erythema
Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone or tendon

Correct answer: Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis

Stage II pressure injuries involve partial-thickness skin loss exposing the dermis, presenting as a shallow open wound with a pink or red wound bed without slough or bruising.

Question 12: A patient with elevated TSH and low free T3 and T4 most likely has:

Hyperthyroidism
Low Testosterone
Grave Disease
Hypothyroidism (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Hypothyroidism

The quantities of thyroid hormone that are present in the body are T3 and T4. These hormones may circulate at lower levels when the thyroid is underactive. The body is continually signaling for additional thyroid hormones, therefore this can also lead to greater levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 13: What is the primary role of the physical therapist assistant during prosthetic training for a patient with a transtibial amputation?

Determine the appropriate prosthetic foot type
Implement the gait training program established by the supervising PT (Correct answer)
Fabricate and adjust the prosthetic socket
Perform the initial prosthetic evaluation and prescription

Correct answer: Implement the gait training program established by the supervising PT

The PTA implements the prosthetic training and gait program as established and supervised by the physical therapist, working within the POC established by the PT.

Question 14: Which cranial nerve palsy causes an inability to abduct the eye (lateral gaze palsy)?

CN III
CN IV
CN VII
CN VI (Correct answer)

Correct answer: CN VI

Cranial nerve VI (abducens) controls the lateral rectus muscle; palsy causes inability to abduct the eye on the affected side.

Question 15: Which method of wound debridement is considered the MOST selective, removing only necrotic tissue while preserving viable tissue?

Sharp or surgical debridement
Autolytic debridement (Correct answer)
Pulsed lavage debridement
Wet-to-dry mechanical debridement

Correct answer: Autolytic debridement

Autolytic debridement uses the body's own phagocytic cells and proteolytic enzymes under a moisture-retentive dressing to selectively liquefy necrotic tissue without harming healthy tissue.

Question 16: Which proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique involves alternating contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles without relaxation?

Contract-relax
Hold-relax
Rhythmic stabilization (Correct answer)
Rhythmic initiation

Correct answer: Rhythmic stabilization

Rhythmic stabilization involves alternating isometric contractions of agonists and antagonists to improve joint stability and proprioception.

Question 17: Which electrical stimulation mode is designed to reduce muscle spasm through reciprocal inhibition?

High-frequency sensory-level TENS
Continuous mode at motor level
Alternating agonist-antagonist stimulation (Correct answer)
Surge (surging) mode at low frequency

Correct answer: Alternating agonist-antagonist stimulation

Alternating stimulation of the agonist and antagonist muscles produces reciprocal inhibition, where contraction of one muscle inhibits the spastic opposing muscle.

Question 18: In the RICE protocol for acute musculoskeletal injury, what does the 'C' stand for?

Compression (Correct answer)
Core stability
Circulation
Cold

Correct answer: Compression

In the RICE acronym (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), 'C' stands for Compression, which helps limit swelling.

Question 19: The therapist goes over typical locations for pressure ulcers while teaching the patient's family about their loved one's spinal cord damage. Which locations should the therapist mention as some of the most vulnerable to pressure sores?

sacrum, coccyx, thighs, plantar aspect of feet
Sacrum, coccyx, elbows, and toes
Sacrum, hips, back of cranium, and heels (Correct answer)
Sacrum, elbows, heels, and forearms

Correct answer: Sacrum, hips, back of cranium, and heels

Bony prominences such as the sacrum, coccyx, hips, heels, scapula, malleoli, elbows, ears, and the back of the skull are among the most prevalent sites for pressure ulcers.

Question 20: Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of electrical stimulation?

Delayed-onset muscle soreness
Mild peripheral edema
Active malignancy in the treatment area (Correct answer)
Chronic muscle atrophy

Correct answer: Active malignancy in the treatment area

Electrical stimulation is contraindicated over areas of active malignancy because it may stimulate tumor cell proliferation or spread through increased blood flow.

Question 21: Which type of electrical stimulation has the MOST research evidence supporting its use for wound healing promotion?

High-voltage pulsed current (HVPC) (Correct answer)
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
Interferential current (IFC)
Conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Correct answer: High-voltage pulsed current (HVPC)

High-voltage pulsed current (HVPC) has the strongest evidence base for wound healing, demonstrating improvements in tissue perfusion, antimicrobial effects, and granulation tissue formation.

Question 22: It's critical that treatment for an 8-year-old with a newly diagnosed case of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy concentrate on:

Plyometric and balance activities
Light strengthening exercises careful to not reach point of fatigue (Correct answer)
Gentle passive range of motion to prevent contracture and preserve joint mobility
Cardiovascular endurance exercises to preserve pulmonary function

Correct answer: Light strengthening exercises careful to not reach point of fatigue

DMD is a neuromuscular condition that causes muscle atrophy. While working to maintain strength for as long as you can, it's crucial to avoid overworking the muscles.

Question 23: Complete Decongestive Therapy (CDT) for lymphedema includes all of the following components EXCEPT:

Therapeutic exercise and skin care
Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD)
Multilayer compression bandaging
Systemic diuretic therapy (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Systemic diuretic therapy

CDT consists of MLD, multilayer compression bandaging, decongestive exercises, and meticulous skin and nail care; diuretics are not part of CDT and are generally not recommended for lymphedema.

Question 24: What is the therapeutic depth of penetration for a hot pack (hydrocollator)?

1–2 cm (superficial tissues) (Correct answer)
3–5 cm (deep muscle)
0–0.5 cm (superficial skin only)
5–7 cm (joint capsule)

Correct answer: 1–2 cm (superficial tissues)

Hot packs heat superficial tissues to a depth of approximately 1–2 cm; deeper muscles are not significantly heated by this modality.

Question 25: The best technique to help a patient in sub-acute rehabilitation who has had a posterior total hip arthroplasty with mild dementia observe hip precautions is:

Have the patient verbalize hip precautions at beginning and end of each session.
Print handouts for caregivers and patients as well as verbalizing precautions multiple times throughout the session. (Correct answer)
Have the patient demonstrate movements to avoid to reinforce memory.
Print handouts for the patient on hip precautions.

Correct answer: Print handouts for caregivers and patients as well as verbalizing precautions multiple times throughout the session.

The patient and the caregivers receive reinforcement from the response in a number of different ways. It is improper to ask the patient to display hip precautions because you do not want the patient to make movements that violate precaution.

Question 26: In Brunnstrom's stages of stroke recovery, what characterizes Stage 3?

No movement
Spasticity decreasing and more isolated movements
Peak spasticity with voluntary synergy patterns (Correct answer)
Spasticity beginning to appear

Correct answer: Peak spasticity with voluntary synergy patterns

Brunnstrom's Stage 3 is characterized by peak spasticity and voluntary control of limb synergy patterns.

Question 27: A PTA assesses a diabetic foot ulcer and measures an ankle-brachial index (ABI) of 0.45. This finding MOST likely indicates:

Normal arterial circulation
Mild peripheral arterial disease
Severe peripheral arterial disease (Correct answer)
Primary venous insufficiency

Correct answer: Severe peripheral arterial disease

An ABI below 0.5 indicates severe peripheral arterial disease, which significantly impairs wound healing and is generally a contraindication to full compression therapy.

Question 28: A patient demonstrates 'vaulting' during gait. Which compensatory strategy does this describe?

Leaning the trunk toward the weak side
Hiking the pelvis to shorten the functional length of the swing limb
Rising on the toes of the stance limb to clear the contralateral swinging limb (Correct answer)
Circumducting the swinging limb in a semicircle

Correct answer: Rising on the toes of the stance limb to clear the contralateral swinging limb

Vaulting involves exaggerated plantarflexion (rising on tiptoe) of the stance limb to elevate the pelvis and allow a prosthetic or long limb to clear the ground during swing.

Question 29: Which gait deviation is commonly seen in a patient with weak hip extensors (gluteus maximus)?

Increased hip flexion during swing
Backward trunk lean at initial contact (Correct answer)
Contralateral pelvic drop
Anterior trunk lean during stance

Correct answer: Backward trunk lean at initial contact

Weak gluteus maximus causes the trunk to lean backward over the hip at initial contact to move the ground reaction force anterior to the hip, providing an external extension moment.

Question 30: Which manual muscle testing grade indicates movement against gravity with full range of motion but no additional resistance?

Grade 3 (Correct answer)
Grade 4
Grade 5
Grade 2

Correct answer: Grade 3

Grade 3 (Fair) denotes the ability to complete full range of motion against gravity without any added resistance.

Question 31: Which laser safety classification is typically used in therapeutic photobiomodulation (low-level laser therapy)?

Class 1 (exempt)
Class 2 (low power visible)
Class 4 (high power)
Class 3B (medium power) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Class 3B (medium power)

Therapeutic low-level laser therapy typically uses Class 3B lasers (5–500 mW), which require safety eyewear to prevent eye damage but are non-thermal for tissue.

Question 32: Which gait deviation is most commonly caused by weak ankle dorsiflexors (drop foot)?

Steppage gait (Correct answer)
Scissor gait
Trendelenburg gait
Antalgic gait

Correct answer: Steppage gait

Steppage gait is characterized by exaggerated hip and knee flexion during swing to lift the foot and clear the toes when dorsiflexors are weak or paralyzed.

Question 33: Shortwave diathermy is most useful for heating which tissue type?

Superficial skin and subcutaneous fat
Thin peripheral nerves only
Deep musculature and joint structures (Correct answer)
Bone cortex

Correct answer: Deep musculature and joint structures

Shortwave diathermy uses high-frequency electromagnetic energy to heat deep muscle and periarticular tissues to a depth of 3–5 cm.

Question 34: Which phase of wound healing is primarily characterized by fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis?

Inflammatory phase
Hemostasis phase
Maturation and remodeling phase
Proliferative phase (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Proliferative phase

The proliferative phase (approximately days 4–21) is defined by fibroblast migration and activity, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and the formation of granulation tissue.

Question 35: During manual muscle testing of the gluteus medius, the therapist positions the patient in sidelying with the tested limb on top. A grade of 3/5 (fair) would be indicated if the patient:

Completes full range of motion against gravity with no resistance (Correct answer)
Completes partial range of motion with gravity eliminated
Holds the position against maximum resistance
Completes full range of motion against gravity with moderate resistance

Correct answer: Completes full range of motion against gravity with no resistance

Grade 3/5 (Fair) is defined as the ability to move through full range of motion against gravity but with no additional resistance.

Question 36: Which plane of motion is used when performing hip abduction exercises?

Frontal (coronal) plane (Correct answer)
Sagittal plane
Oblique plane
Transverse plane

Correct answer: Frontal (coronal) plane

Hip abduction occurs in the frontal (coronal) plane, moving the limb laterally away from the midline.

Question 37: What is the primary purpose of CIMT (Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy)?

Strengthen the unaffected limb for compensation
Provide biofeedback during bilateral tasks
Reduce spasticity through inhibitory techniques
Force use of the affected limb by restraining the unaffected limb (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Force use of the affected limb by restraining the unaffected limb

CIMT restrains the unaffected upper extremity to force intensive use of the hemiparetic limb, promoting cortical reorganization and functional recovery.

Question 38: In a patient with foot drop following a common peroneal nerve injury, which orthosis is most appropriate?

Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) with dorsiflexion assist (Correct answer)
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO)
Patellar tendon-bearing orthosis
Supramalleolar orthosis (SMO)

Correct answer: Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) with dorsiflexion assist

An AFO with a dorsiflexion assist spring mechanism compensates for weak or absent dorsiflexors, preventing toe drag during the swing phase of gait.

Question 39: Which parameter determines the frequency of ultrasound and affects depth of penetration?

Treatment duration (minutes)
Intensity (W/cm²)
Frequency (MHz) (Correct answer)
Duty cycle (%)

Correct answer: Frequency (MHz)

Ultrasound at 1 MHz penetrates deeper (up to 5 cm) and is used for deep tissues, while 3 MHz penetrates more superficially (1–2 cm) due to higher absorption.

Question 40: Which wound characteristic represents a PRIMARY contraindication to pulsed lavage wound irrigation?

Large wound with undermining or tunneling
Heavily contaminated traumatic wound with debris
Exposed vasculature or tendons without protective paratenon (Correct answer)
Wound with healthy granulation tissue present

Correct answer: Exposed vasculature or tendons without protective paratenon

Exposed vasculature or tendons without the protective paratenon are primary contraindications to pulsed lavage because pressurized irrigation can cause mechanical damage to these delicate structures.

Question 41: A patient with asthma presents with an FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.65 pre-bronchodilator. This indicates:

A restrictive lung defect
A mixed restrictive-obstructive defect
An obstructive lung defect (Correct answer)
A normal spirometry result

Correct answer: An obstructive lung defect

An FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.70 indicates an obstructive lung defect, as airflow is limited during forced expiration relative to total lung capacity.

Question 42: What does the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) primarily assess?

Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max)
Anaerobic threshold only
Single-leg balance and coordination
Submaximal functional exercise capacity (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Submaximal functional exercise capacity

The 6MWT measures the distance a patient can walk in 6 minutes and reflects submaximal functional exercise capacity in cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal conditions.

Question 43: A patient has been prescribed forearm crutches. At what height should the forearm cuff be positioned?

2–3 inches above the elbow
At the level of the wrist
At mid-forearm
1–1.5 inches below the elbow (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 1–1.5 inches below the elbow

The forearm cuff of a Lofstrand crutch should be positioned approximately 1–1.5 inches below the elbow to allow free elbow movement while providing secure support.

Question 44: A patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome is in the acute phase. What is the primary PTA priority?

Aggressive gait training
Monitoring for respiratory compromise and positioning to prevent complications (Correct answer)
Progressive resistive strengthening
High-intensity aerobic conditioning

Correct answer: Monitoring for respiratory compromise and positioning to prevent complications

During the acute ascending phase of GBS, respiratory monitoring is critical as ascending paralysis can compromise breathing; positioning prevents pressure injuries and contractures.

Question 45: Which of the following correctly describes the 'two-point' gait pattern with crutches?

Right crutch advances, then left crutch advances, then right leg, then left leg
Left crutch and right leg advance together, then right crutch and left leg advance together (Correct answer)
Both crutches advance, then both feet follow
One crutch advances, then the opposite foot, alternating separately

Correct answer: Left crutch and right leg advance together, then right crutch and left leg advance together

The two-point gait pattern involves simultaneous advancement of the contralateral crutch and leg (e.g., left crutch with right foot), mimicking normal arm-leg reciprocal movement.

Question 46: During the ACUTE phase of burn rehabilitation, a PTA's HIGHEST priority intervention to prevent contracture is:

Scar massage with emollient cream
Anti-deformity positioning and splinting (Correct answer)
Custom pressure garment fitting
Progressive resistive strengthening exercises

Correct answer: Anti-deformity positioning and splinting

Anti-deformity positioning and splinting is the priority in the acute phase because wounds are not yet healed; it prevents contracture development before scar maturation interventions are appropriate.

Question 47: A PTA is treating a patient with rheumatoid arthritis of the hands. Which exercise principle is MOST important to protect joint integrity?

Use light resistance and avoid positions that stress joint surfaces (Correct answer)
Focus exclusively on passive range of motion
Use high-resistance, low-repetition strengthening
Avoid all resistive exercise during flares

Correct answer: Use light resistance and avoid positions that stress joint surfaces

Joint protection during RA hand exercise requires light resistance and avoiding positions (such as ulnar deviation under load) that stress already compromised joint surfaces.

Question 48: Which of the following is an absolute contraindication to exercise in a cardiac rehabilitation patient?

Unstable angina (Correct answer)
Recent minor joint pain
Resting heart rate of 85 bpm
Resting systolic BP of 160 mmHg

Correct answer: Unstable angina

Unstable angina is an absolute contraindication to exercise because it indicates myocardial ischemia at rest or minimal exertion, posing a risk of MI.

Question 49: A patient's resting heart rate is 92 bpm and maximum predicted heart rate is 180 bpm. Using the Karvonen formula with a 60% intensity target, what is the target heart rate?

140 bpm
152 bpm
160 bpm
148 bpm (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 148 bpm

Karvonen formula: Target HR = ((HRmax – HRrest) × intensity%) + HRrest = ((180 – 92) × 0.60) + 92 = 52.8 + 92 = 144.8, approximately 148 bpm at 60%.

Question 50: When using mechanical lumbar traction, the minimum force required to produce vertebral separation in a typical adult patient is approximately:

25-50% of body weight (Correct answer)
Equal to full body weight
10-15% of body weight
60-75% of body weight

Correct answer: 25-50% of body weight

Approximately 25-50% of body weight is required to overcome friction and produce actual vertebral separation during mechanical lumbar traction.

Question 51: What does an SpO2 reading of 88% in a patient with COPD indicate?

Significant hypoxemia that may require supplemental oxygen (Correct answer)
Mild hypoxemia requiring monitoring
The patient is hyperoxic
Normal oxygen saturation for COPD

Correct answer: Significant hypoxemia that may require supplemental oxygen

An SpO2 of 88% represents significant hypoxemia; supplemental oxygen is generally indicated when SpO2 falls below 88–90% in COPD patients.

Question 52: A patient with a flaccid neurogenic bladder following a cauda equina injury asks the PTA about bladder management. The MOST appropriate response is to:

Explain the condition and refer to the PT and physician for bladder management planning (Correct answer)
Teach the patient Kegel exercises to restore sphincter tone
Instruct the patient to use a timed voiding schedule every 2 hours
Advise the patient to limit fluid intake to reduce bladder volume

Correct answer: Explain the condition and refer to the PT and physician for bladder management planning

Bladder management for neurogenic dysfunction requires physician and PT coordination; the PTA should educate the patient and facilitate the appropriate referral.

Question 53: A patient presents with weakness of intrinsic foot muscles and sensory loss on the plantar surface. These findings are MOST consistent with injury to which nerve?

Common peroneal nerve
Saphenous nerve
Sural nerve
Tibial nerve (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Tibial nerve

The tibial nerve innervates the intrinsic foot muscles and provides plantar sensation; injury produces weakness and plantar sensory loss.

Question 54: When documenting a patient's progress note using SOAP format, the 'A' (Assessment) section should contain:

The treatment interventions performed during the session
The patient's reported pain level and symptoms
The clinician's clinical judgment about progress toward goals (Correct answer)
Objective measurements such as ROM and strength grades

Correct answer: The clinician's clinical judgment about progress toward goals

The Assessment section contains the clinician's professional judgment about the patient's progress, response to treatment, and likelihood of achieving stated goals.

Question 55: What is the normal cadence for adult ambulation?

80–120 steps/minute (Correct answer)
160–180 steps/minute
50–70 steps/minute
130–150 steps/minute

Correct answer: 80–120 steps/minute

Normal adult cadence is approximately 100–120 steps per minute, equating to 50–60 complete gait cycles (stride cycles) per minute.

Question 56: TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) in conventional mode works primarily through which pain mechanism?

Tissue heating
Gate control theory (Correct answer)
Alpha motor neuron inhibition
Endorphin release

Correct answer: Gate control theory

Conventional TENS uses high-frequency, low-intensity current to activate large-diameter A-beta sensory fibers, which inhibit pain signal transmission via the gate control mechanism.

Question 57: The standard clinical method for measuring wound dimensions requires length to be measured along which axis?

Along the head-to-toe (craniocaudal) axis of the body (Correct answer)
Perpendicular to the largest scar border
At the widest point regardless of body orientation
Along the longest diagonal of the wound

Correct answer: Along the head-to-toe (craniocaudal) axis of the body

Standard wound measurement defines length along the head-to-toe (craniocaudal) body axis and width perpendicular to it (side to side), ensuring consistent serial measurements across clinicians.

Question 58: A PTA is applying cryotherapy using an ice bag to a patient's acutely sprained ankle. The PTA should place a barrier between the ice and skin primarily to:

Ensure even distribution of cold over the joint
Maintain the therapeutic temperature for a longer duration
Increase the depth of cold penetration
Prevent frostbite and ice burn to superficial tissue (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Prevent frostbite and ice burn to superficial tissue

A moist towel barrier between the ice bag and skin prevents frostbite and ice burn, which can occur with direct ice contact on skin.

Question 59: During the swing phase of gait, which muscle group is PRIMARILY responsible for foot clearance?

Hip extensors
Plantar flexors
Hip adductors
Ankle dorsiflexors (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Ankle dorsiflexors

Ankle dorsiflexors (primarily tibialis anterior) contract during swing phase to lift the foot and ensure clearance of the ground.

Question 60: An injury to the: is likely present in a patient who is unable to imitate facial expressions and has diminished taste in the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

Cranial Nerve VI
Cranial Nerve VIII
Cranial Nerve VII (Correct answer)
Cranial Nerve V

Correct answer: Cranial Nerve VII

The facial expression and diminished taste on the tongue's anterior two thirds are controlled by the motor and sensory functions of cranial nerve VII. Deficits in these regions would occur from a damage to it.

Question 61: Which modality is contraindicated over a cardiac pacemaker?

Manual stretching
Moist heat pack
Interferential current (IFC) (Correct answer)
Cold pack application

Correct answer: Interferential current (IFC)

Electrical stimulation modalities including interferential current are contraindicated over or near cardiac pacemakers as they can interfere with pacemaker function.

Question 62: A patient with a right hip replacement is using a cane. In which hand should the cane be held?

No cane is needed after hip replacement
Left hand (contralateral to the affected hip) (Correct answer)
Right hand (ipsilateral to the affected hip)
Either hand — it makes no difference

Correct answer: Left hand (contralateral to the affected hip)

The cane is held in the contralateral (left) hand so it advances with the affected right leg, reducing the load on the hip abductors and the involved joint.

Question 63: Which type of stroke deficit results in contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral facial weakness?

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome (Correct answer)
Middle cerebral artery stroke
Anterior cerebral artery stroke
Posterior cerebral artery stroke

Correct answer: Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome causes ipsilateral facial numbness, contralateral body sensory loss, and ipsilateral ataxia due to posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction.

Question 64: Which drug from the list below would be applied to the anode during iontophoresis?

Calcium Chloride
Dexamethasone
Lidocaine (Correct answer)
Acetic Acid

Correct answer: Lidocaine

Iontophoresis requires pulling the medicine in the desired direction. The negatively charged electrode (anode) needs a positively charged substance applied to it because opposing charges attract and like charges repel. The only positively charged option is lidocaine.

Question 65: A patient with Type 1 diabetes reports feeling dizzy and sweaty during a PT session. Blood glucose is checked and reads 58 mg/dL. The PTA should FIRST:

Have the patient rest supine and continue the session when symptoms resolve
Administer insulin to correct the glucose imbalance
Call 911 immediately as this is a diabetic emergency
Administer 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck glucose in 15 minutes (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Administer 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate and recheck glucose in 15 minutes

A blood glucose of 58 mg/dL with symptoms indicates hypoglycemia; the standard intervention is 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate followed by recheck in 15 minutes.

Question 66: A patient demonstrates a Trendelenburg sign during gait. Which muscle is most likely weak?

Gluteus maximus
Iliotibial band
Gluteus medius (Correct answer)
Tensor fasciae latae

Correct answer: Gluteus medius

A positive Trendelenburg sign (contralateral pelvic drop during single-leg stance) indicates weakness of the hip abductors, primarily the gluteus medius.

Question 67: A patient is 7 weeks in to rehabilitation following a right medial meniscectomy. The patient reports feeling excellent overall but continues to suffer weakness and difficulties going down slopes or down stairs. The most appropriate activity to address this deficit is:

Eccentric quadricep step downs (Correct answer)
Standing hip abduction
Hamstring curls
Terminal knee extension with theraband

Correct answer: Eccentric quadricep step downs

Controlling descent needs the quadriceps to operate eccentrically. Therefore, eccentric steps-downs are the best exercise to tackle this shortfall.

Question 68: A PTA uses therapeutic ultrasound on a deep wound cavity (approximately 4 cm depth). Which frequency is MOST appropriate?

10 MHz
5 MHz
3 MHz
1 MHz (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 1 MHz

1 MHz ultrasound penetrates to depths of 3–5 cm, making it appropriate for deep wounds, while 3 MHz is used for superficial structures within 1–2 cm of the skin surface.

Question 69: Which percussion finding over the lung fields indicates pneumothorax?

Flatness
Hyperresonance (tympany) (Correct answer)
Dullness
Resonance

Correct answer: Hyperresonance (tympany)

A pneumothorax produces hyperresonance (tympany) on percussion because air trapped in the pleural space creates an abnormally hollow sound.

Question 70: A patient with C5 ASIA A tetraplegia is being trained in functional activities. Which task is WITHIN the expected functional capacity for this level?

Feeding using mobile arm supports (Correct answer)
Independent manual wheelchair propulsion on level surfaces
Independent transfers using a sliding board
Independent pressure relief by leaning forward

Correct answer: Feeding using mobile arm supports

C5 ASIA A patients retain shoulder flexion and elbow flexion (biceps), allowing feeding with adaptive equipment such as mobile arm supports.

Question 71: A patient has rales (crackles) at the base of the lungs and pitting edema in the ankles. Which cardiac condition is most consistent with these findings?

Mitral valve stenosis only
Right-sided heart failure with pulmonary edema (Correct answer)
Pericarditis
Left-sided heart failure

Correct answer: Right-sided heart failure with pulmonary edema

Right-sided heart failure leads to systemic venous congestion causing peripheral edema; if combined with left-sided failure, pulmonary edema produces basal crackles.

Question 72: What is the primary goal of PNF diagonal patterns in upper extremity rehabilitation?

Improve functional movement through spiral and diagonal mass movement patterns (Correct answer)
Reduce spasticity through slow, sustained stretching
Isolate individual muscle groups for strengthening
Facilitate joint mechanoreceptor firing

Correct answer: Improve functional movement through spiral and diagonal mass movement patterns

PNF diagonal patterns (D1 and D2) use spiral and diagonal movement planes that mimic functional activities and recruit multiple muscle groups simultaneously.

Question 73: A patient with a hip fracture has been placed on 'hip precautions.' Which motion should be avoided following a posterior approach total hip replacement?

Hip flexion beyond 90° (Correct answer)
Hip abduction
Hip extension
Hip external rotation beyond 30°

Correct answer: Hip flexion beyond 90°

After a posterior approach total hip replacement, hip flexion beyond 90° combined with internal rotation and adduction risks posterior dislocation.

Question 74: A patient with COPD is receiving pulmonary rehabilitation. The PTA should STOP exercise and notify the supervising PT if the patient's SpO2 drops below what threshold?

92%
85%
88% (Correct answer)
95%

Correct answer: 88%

Exercise should be stopped and the supervising PT notified if SpO2 drops below 88% in a COPD patient, indicating significant oxygen desaturation.

Question 75: What does a 20% duty cycle in pulsed ultrasound indicate?

Ultrasound is on 20% of the time and off 80% of the time (Correct answer)
The treatment lasts 20 minutes
Ultrasound intensity is set to 20% of maximum
The frequency is 20% of 1 MHz

Correct answer: Ultrasound is on 20% of the time and off 80% of the time

Duty cycle is the ratio of on-time to total cycle time; a 20% duty cycle means the ultrasound is active for 20% of each pulse cycle, reducing thermal effects.

Question 76: A patient is referred for TENS following knee surgery. Which TENS parameter setting is MOST appropriate for acute postoperative pain control?

Low frequency (2-4 Hz), high intensity
Burst mode at 1 Hz
High frequency (80-150 Hz), sensory intensity (Correct answer)
High frequency (80-150 Hz), motor intensity

Correct answer: High frequency (80-150 Hz), sensory intensity

Conventional TENS uses high frequency (80-150 Hz) at sensory (non-painful) intensity and is the first choice for acute postoperative pain.

Question 77: Which assistive device provides the most stability for a patient who is non-weight-bearing on the right lower extremity?

Single-point cane
Standard walker (Correct answer)
Axillary crutches
Forearm (Lofstrand) crutches

Correct answer: Standard walker

A standard walker provides the greatest base of support and stability for a non-weight-bearing patient, particularly for those with balance and strength limitations.

Question 78: Which parameter in electrical stimulation determines the duration of each individual pulse?

Pulse duration (width) (Correct answer)
Frequency (Hz)
Ramp time
Amplitude (intensity)

Correct answer: Pulse duration (width)

Pulse duration (width), measured in microseconds, determines how long each individual electrical pulse lasts and influences which nerve fibers are recruited.

Question 79: During gait training, a patient with a right transtibial amputation demonstrates excessive lateral trunk bending to the right during stance. Which prosthetic cause is MOST likely?

Prosthesis is too long
Prosthetic foot set in too much plantar flexion
Prosthetic socket is too loose
Prosthesis is too short (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Prosthesis is too short

A prosthesis that is too short causes the patient to lean toward the prosthetic side (lateral trunk bending) during stance to compensate for leg length discrepancy.

Question 80: A PTA is performing iontophoresis with dexamethasone to treat plantar fasciitis. The dexamethasone should be placed under which electrode?

Cathode (negative) (Correct answer)
Dispersive electrode only
Either electrode
Anode (positive)

Correct answer: Cathode (negative)

Dexamethasone carries a negative charge and must be placed under the cathode (negative electrode) to be driven into tissue by iontophoresis.

Question 81: Glenohumeral mobilization is being performed by a therapist to enhance internal rotation. The ideal configuration for using this manual technique is:

Patient in supine, arm at 90 degrees of abduction, posterior glide
Patient in prone, arm at side, anterior glide
Patient in sidelying, arm at 45 degrees abduction, inferior glide.
Patient in supine, arm at 45 degrees abduction, posterior glide (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Patient in supine, arm at 45 degrees abduction, posterior glide

A patient lying on their back with their arm abducted at a 45-degree angle is in the open pack position of the glenohumeral joint. There is a posterior glide used to enhance internal rotation.

Question 82: A patient has weakness of the peroneals (fibularis muscles). Which motion will be most impaired?

Dorsiflexion
Eversion (Correct answer)
Inversion
Plantarflexion

Correct answer: Eversion

The peroneus longus and brevis are the primary evertors of the foot and ankle.

Question 83: Which rotator cuff muscle is responsible for internal rotation of the shoulder?

Supraspinatus
Subscapularis (Correct answer)
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

Correct answer: Subscapularis

The subscapularis is the only rotator cuff muscle that internally rotates the glenohumeral joint.

Question 84: A patient is ambulating with Lofstrand (forearm) crutches. Elbow flexion during stance should be approximately:

15-30 degrees (Correct answer)
0-5 degrees
70-90 degrees
45-60 degrees

Correct answer: 15-30 degrees

Elbow flexion of 15-30 degrees during stance with forearm crutches allows optimal weight transfer and shock absorption through the upper extremity.

Question 85: What is the primary physiological effect of cryotherapy in the first 24–48 hours post-injury?

Increased blood flow and collagen synthesis
Vasoconstriction, reduced metabolism, and decreased edema formation (Correct answer)
Increased tissue extensibility
Increased nerve conduction velocity

Correct answer: Vasoconstriction, reduced metabolism, and decreased edema formation

Cryotherapy causes vasoconstriction, slows cellular metabolism, and reduces the release of inflammatory mediators, limiting secondary tissue damage in the acute phase.

Question 86: When applying a hot pack to a patient's lumbar region, the PTA places 6 layers of toweling. After 5 minutes, the patient reports the heat feels very comfortable. What should the PTA do?

Remove one layer of toweling to increase heat transmission
Check the skin and reduce to 4 layers if no redness
Remove the hot pack immediately as the patient may lack sensation
Continue treatment and reassess at 10 minutes (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Continue treatment and reassess at 10 minutes

A comfortable sensation with appropriate insulation after 5 minutes is expected; the PTA should continue and reassess the skin at regular intervals.

Question 87: Which adaptive equipment modification helps a patient with severe bilateral grip weakness to perform self-feeding?

Rocker knife
Built-up handle utensils
Long-handled spoon
Universal cuff (utensil holder) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Universal cuff (utensil holder)

A universal cuff attaches a utensil to the hand without requiring grip, enabling self-feeding for patients with severe grip weakness or paralysis.

Question 88: Which reflex, if present in an adult, indicates an upper motor neuron lesion?

Patellar reflex
Biceps reflex
Babinski sign (Correct answer)
Achilles reflex

Correct answer: Babinski sign

The Babinski sign (plantar extension of the great toe with fanning of lesser toes upon plantar stimulation) indicates an upper motor neuron lesion in adults.

Question 89: A PTA is treating a patient using ultrasound over scar tissue on the dorsum of the hand. Which duty cycle should be used to maximize collagen extensibility without heating superficial tissue excessively?

10% pulsed
50% pulsed (Correct answer)
100% continuous
20% pulsed

Correct answer: 50% pulsed

A 50% pulsed duty cycle provides thermal effects sufficient to increase collagen extensibility while reducing the risk of superficial tissue overheating.

Question 90: Which type of skin graft uses donor skin harvested from a deceased human donor (cadaveric skin)?

Allograft (homograft) (Correct answer)
Integra dermal matrix
Xenograft (heterograft)
Autograft

Correct answer: Allograft (homograft)

An allograft (homograft) uses cadaveric human skin as a temporary biological dressing; it provides wound coverage until autografting with the patient's own skin can be performed.

Question 91: Which balance assessment tool uses a 14-item ordinal scale and is commonly used to predict fall risk in older adults?

Timed Up and Go Test
Berg Balance Scale (Correct answer)
Functional Reach Test
Dynamic Gait Index

Correct answer: Berg Balance Scale

The Berg Balance Scale is a 14-item, 0–4 ordinal scale with a maximum of 56 points; scores below 45 indicate increased fall risk.

Question 92: Due to the discomfort she has and the time it takes her to get out of bed and go down the hall, a patient with severe arthritis has trouble getting to the bathroom in time. This kind of incontinence is categorized as follows:

Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Stress incontinence
Functional incontinence (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Functional incontinence

Functional incontinence occurs when a person can't reach the bathroom quickly due to a physical obstruction. Because it takes so long to get to the bathroom in this situation, the patient experiences incontinence.

Question 93: A PTA is working with a patient who has a diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) in the freezing stage. The PRIMARY treatment goal during this stage should be:

Modalities only — no manual therapy during freezing stage
Strengthening the rotator cuff to stabilize the joint
Pain management and gentle ROM to slow progression (Correct answer)
Aggressive joint mobilization to restore full ROM

Correct answer: Pain management and gentle ROM to slow progression

During the freezing stage, pain is the dominant symptom and aggressive stretching worsens pain; gentle ROM and pain management are the appropriate primary goals.

Question 94: Which type of contraction occurs when a muscle produces force while lengthening?

Isokinetic
Eccentric (Correct answer)
Isometric
Concentric

Correct answer: Eccentric

An eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle generates tension while it is lengthening, such as when lowering a weight slowly.

Question 95: A patient with breast cancer-related lymphedema presents with pitting edema of the upper extremity that resolves significantly with overnight elevation. According to the International Society of Lymphology, this is classified as:

Stage II – spontaneously irreversible lymphedema
Stage I – reversible lymphedema (Correct answer)
Stage 0 – subclinical/latent lymphedema
Stage III – lymphostatic elephantiasis

Correct answer: Stage I – reversible lymphedema

Stage I lymphedema is characterized by pitting edema that reduces substantially with elevation, distinguishing it from Stage II where fibrotic tissue changes make elevation less effective.

Question 96: Which frequency would be appropriate for an ultrasound on the achilles tendon for tendonitis?

3MHz because the injury is superficial (Correct answer)
3MHz because the injury is not superficial
1MHz because the injury is superficial
1MHz because the injury is not superficial

Correct answer: 3MHz because the injury is superficial

For deep injuries with therapeutic ultrasounds, a frequency of 1MHz is employed, and for superficial injuries, a frequency of 3MHz. The optimal frequency is 3MHz due to the superficial nature of the achilles tendon.

Question 97: An urgent care patient is receiving treatment for a pituitary tumor. What impact would this tumor likely have on the patient's recovery, according to the therapist?

Hypotension
Hypertension (Correct answer)
Lower susceptibility to fracture
Increased energy

Correct answer: Hypertension

In addition to producing hormones including growth hormone, the pituitary gland also controls metabolism. A pituitary tumor may make a patient more susceptible to hypertension.

Question 98: Following the insertion of a colostomy bag, the following exercises might be recommended for a patient during the first week of outpatient therapy:

Transverse abdominal holds in supine (Correct answer)
Quadruped alternating arm and leg lifts
Sit ups
High planks

Correct answer: Transverse abdominal holds in supine

The best exercise for this patient at this point of recovery is supine transverse abdominal holds. The other options are all advanced workouts that would be too demanding for a patient starting their recovery from abdominal surgery.

Question 99: What is the primary benefit of diaphragmatic breathing training in patients with COPD?

Reduces mucus production
Decreases use of accessory muscles and improves diaphragmatic efficiency (Correct answer)
Strengthens accessory muscles to compensate for diaphragm weakness
Increases respiratory rate to improve ventilation

Correct answer: Decreases use of accessory muscles and improves diaphragmatic efficiency

Diaphragmatic breathing retraining reduces reliance on inefficient accessory muscles and promotes more effective use of the diaphragm, improving ventilation efficiency in COPD.

Question 100: A third-trimester pregnant lady being treated by a therapist for sciatic nerve discomfort claims that today's swelling in her feet is worse. The therapist applies pressure to the distal, anterior lower extremity before releasing it. A 2 mm indentation is caused by the pressure before it instantly recovers. This fits into the category of:

Non-pitting edema
Grade 2 Pitting Edema
Grade 1 Pitting Edema (Correct answer)
Grade 3 Pitting Edema

Correct answer: Grade 1 Pitting Edema

The characteristics of grade 1 pitting edema include pitting of 2mm or less, little discernible deformation, and swift rebound.

Question 101: A patient with multiple sclerosis reports symptoms worsening with heat. This is known as:

Lhermitte's sign
Devic's phenomenon
Uhthoff's phenomenon (Correct answer)
Lhermitte–McAlpine syndrome

Correct answer: Uhthoff's phenomenon

Uhthoff's phenomenon describes the temporary worsening of MS symptoms with increased body temperature, such as during exercise or hot baths.

Question 102: A patient taking beta-blockers will have which response during exercise testing?

Blunted heart rate response to exercise (Correct answer)
Elevated blood pressure throughout exercise
Increased cardiac output at submaximal levels
Elevated resting heart rate and exaggerated HR response

Correct answer: Blunted heart rate response to exercise

Beta-blockers blunt the chronotropic (heart rate) response to exercise by blocking sympathetic stimulation, making HR an unreliable exercise intensity measure.

Question 103: A patient recovering from a stroke demonstrates pusher syndrome. Which intervention is MOST effective for retraining postural alignment?

Strengthening the non-paretic side to correct lean
Passive stretching of the paretic trunk musculature
Using a mirror for visual feedback to correct vertical orientation (Correct answer)
Applying manual pressure to reinforce the pushing pattern

Correct answer: Using a mirror for visual feedback to correct vertical orientation

Visual feedback using a mirror helps patients with pusher syndrome recalibrate their perception of midline and vertical orientation.

Question 104: A patient with a T6 complete spinal cord injury is performing wheelchair pushups for pressure relief. What is the MINIMUM recommended frequency for this activity?

Every 30 minutes
Every 15 minutes (Correct answer)
Every 2 hours
Every 60 minutes

Correct answer: Every 15 minutes

Patients with complete SCI at T6 should perform pressure relief every 15 minutes to prevent pressure injuries.

Question 105: A PTA applies a heating agent and notices the patient's skin turns bright red and blistered. What is the most appropriate immediate action?

Reduce the temperature setting and continue
Apply additional padding and continue for the remainder of the session
Continue treatment and note the reaction
Remove the modality, cool the area, and document the adverse event (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Remove the modality, cool the area, and document the adverse event

Blistering indicates a thermal burn; the modality must be removed immediately, the area cooled with room-temperature water, and the adverse event documented and reported.

Question 106: Which vertebral level corresponds to the C5 dermatome?

Ring and little finger
Thumb and index finger
Lateral arm and shoulder region (Correct answer)
Middle finger

Correct answer: Lateral arm and shoulder region

The C5 dermatome covers the lateral aspect of the arm and the deltoid shoulder region.

Question 107: When measuring the girth of the lower extremity for compression stocking fitting, the PTA should measure the calf at which location?

At the point of maximum circumference (Correct answer)
At the midpoint between knee and ankle
2 cm above the medial malleolus
5 cm below the tibial tuberosity

Correct answer: At the point of maximum circumference

Calf girth for compression stocking fitting is measured at the point of maximum circumference to ensure proper fit.

Question 108: A patient with congestive heart failure is placed in which position to reduce preload and ease breathing?

High Fowler's (upright sitting) (Correct answer)
Prone
Trendelenburg
Supine flat

Correct answer: High Fowler's (upright sitting)

High Fowler's position (sitting upright at 60–90°) reduces venous return to the heart (preload), decreasing pulmonary congestion and improving breathing ease in CHF.

Question 109: A patient has been prescribed a straight cane following a right total hip arthroplasty (posterior approach). In which hand should the cane be held?

Either hand based on patient comfort
No cane is needed after THR with posterior approach
Left hand, contralateral to surgical side (Correct answer)
Right hand, ipsilateral to surgical side

Correct answer: Left hand, contralateral to surgical side

The cane is held in the contralateral (left) hand so the cane and operated leg advance together, reducing hip joint reaction force on the surgical side.

Question 110: A PTA notices a patient's blood pressure drops 20 mmHg systolic upon standing. This is called:

White coat syndrome
Essential hypertension
Orthostatic (postural) hypotension (Correct answer)
Hypertensive crisis

Correct answer: Orthostatic (postural) hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a drop of ≥20 mmHg systolic or ≥10 mmHg diastolic upon moving from supine to standing.

Question 111: Which treatment approach uses sensory stimulation (tapping, brushing, icing) to facilitate muscle activation?

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
Bobath/Neurodevelopmental Treatment
Rood approach (Correct answer)
Feldenkrais method

Correct answer: Rood approach

The Rood approach uses cutaneous sensory stimulation such as brushing, icing, and tapping over muscles to facilitate or inhibit motor responses.

Question 112: During stair training with axillary crutches in a non-weight-bearing patient descending stairs, which sequence is correct?

Unaffected leg down first, then crutches and affected leg
Crutches and affected leg down first, then unaffected leg (Correct answer)
Both legs down simultaneously, then crutches
Crutches down first, then affected leg, then unaffected leg

Correct answer: Crutches and affected leg down first, then unaffected leg

Descending stairs: crutches and the affected (non-weight-bearing) leg go down first, then the unaffected leg follows; 'bad goes down' in the mnemonic.

Question 113: Which ligament is tested by the valgus stress test of the knee?

Medial collateral ligament (Correct answer)
Lateral collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament

Correct answer: Medial collateral ligament

The valgus stress test applies a medially directed force to the knee, stressing the medial collateral ligament (MCL).

Question 114: A PTA applies moist heat to reduce muscle spasm. What is the primary physiological effect?

Decreased nerve conduction velocity
Decreased metabolic activity
Vasoconstriction and edema reduction
Increased collagen extensibility and local vasodilation (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Increased collagen extensibility and local vasodilation

Superficial heat application causes local vasodilation and increases collagen extensibility, which reduces muscle spasm and promotes relaxation.

Question 115: A patient performing ADL training is unable to reach overhead due to limited shoulder ROM. Which adaptive strategy is most appropriate?

Force full ROM during all tasks to restore normal movement
Use a reacher/grabber device to extend functional reach (Correct answer)
Perform tasks bilaterally with the unaffected arm only
Avoid all overhead activities permanently

Correct answer: Use a reacher/grabber device to extend functional reach

A reacher/grabber extends the patient's functional reach without requiring full shoulder ROM, promoting independence in ADLs while joint mobility is being restored.

Question 116: The therapist finds an unusual-looking mole on a patient while conducting an ultrasound on them. The criteria for deciding if a mole needs to be examined by a doctor include:

Asymmetry, black in color, coarse, diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving size, shape, or color
Asymmetry, bigger than baseline, non-uniform in color, diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving size, shape, or color
Abnormal size, irregular border, non-uniform color, diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving size, shape, or color
Asymmetry, irregular borders, non-uniform color, diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving size, shape, or color. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Asymmetry, irregular borders, non-uniform color, diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving size, shape, or color.

Asymmetrical shape, uneven borders, non-uniform color, diameter greater than 6 mm, and changing size, shape, or color are the ABCDEs of moles that are cancer-risk factors.

Question 117: A PTA is treating a patient with lateral epicondylitis. Which structure is most commonly involved?

Flexor carpi radialis
Pronator teres
Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) most commonly involves the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon at its origin on the lateral epicondyle.

Question 118: During functional task training, which activity is the most appropriate initial task for a patient beginning sit-to-stand practice?

Standing from a low chair with no armrests
Standing from the floor
Standing from a standard-height chair using armrests (Correct answer)
Standing from a bed at a 30° incline

Correct answer: Standing from a standard-height chair using armrests

Starting from a standard-height chair with armrests reduces the demand on hip and knee extensors, making sit-to-stand more achievable early in rehabilitation.

Question 119: A patient is receiving NMES (Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation) for quadriceps re-education post-ACL repair. The on:off ratio should be set to:

1:5 to allow adequate muscle recovery between contractions (Correct answer)
3:1 for rapid fatigue training
2:2 for equal work-rest balance
1:1 for maximum endurance training

Correct answer: 1:5 to allow adequate muscle recovery between contractions

An on:off ratio of 1:5 (e.g., 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off) allows sufficient recovery time to minimize muscle fatigue during NMES strengthening sessions.

Question 120: Which gait pattern is safest for a patient who is touch-down weight-bearing (TDWB) using axillary crutches on a staircase going up?

Lead with the unaffected leg up, then bring crutches and affected leg (Correct answer)
Go up with both legs simultaneously
Use a swing-through pattern on stairs
Lead with the affected leg up, then bring the unaffected leg

Correct answer: Lead with the unaffected leg up, then bring crutches and affected leg

The mnemonic 'good goes up, bad goes down' applies: the unaffected leg leads going up stairs, and the affected leg leads going down stairs.

Question 121: A PTA inspects a wound and notes all of the following. Which finding is a sign of HEALTHY wound progression rather than infection?

Purulent exudate with foul odor
Increasing pain at the wound site
Increased perilesional warmth and erythema
Pink-red granulation tissue filling the wound bed (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Pink-red granulation tissue filling the wound bed

Pink-red granulation tissue indicates active angiogenesis and new connective tissue formation, which are hallmarks of the proliferative healing phase, not infection.

Question 122: Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?

Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve (Correct answer)
Radial nerve

Correct answer: Median nerve

Carpal tunnel syndrome results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist.

Question 123: Which muscle is the primary stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint inferiorly?

Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus (Correct answer)
Subscapularis
Teres minor

Correct answer: Supraspinatus

The supraspinatus is the primary stabilizer against inferior subluxation of the glenohumeral joint due to its superior cuff position and tension.

Question 124: Which Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale value corresponds to 'somewhat hard' exertion?

11
9
13 (Correct answer)
17

Correct answer: 13

On the original 6–20 Borg RPE scale, a rating of 13 corresponds to 'somewhat hard,' which is a moderate exercise intensity target.

Question 125: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) promotes wound healing PRIMARILY by:

Applying subatmospheric pressure to remove exudate and stimulate granulation tissue (Correct answer)
Supplying supplemental oxygen directly to the wound bed
Delivering topical antibiotic solution continuously to the wound
Elevating wound bed temperature to accelerate cellular metabolism

Correct answer: Applying subatmospheric pressure to remove exudate and stimulate granulation tissue

NPWT applies controlled subatmospheric pressure through a foam dressing to remove excess exudate, reduce wound edema, and mechanically stimulate granulation tissue formation.

Question 126: Which wound dressing is MOST appropriate for managing a large wound with heavy exudate output?

Hydrocolloid dressing
Calcium alginate dressing (Correct answer)
Hydrogel sheet dressing
Transparent film dressing

Correct answer: Calcium alginate dressing

Calcium alginate dressings are highly absorbent, forming a gel on contact with exudate that maintains a moist healing environment, making them optimal for heavily draining wounds.

Question 127: A PTA is treating a 70-year-old patient with osteoporosis. Which exercise type has the GREATEST evidence for improving bone mineral density?

Low-intensity stationary cycling
Progressive resistance and weight-bearing impact exercise (Correct answer)
Swimming three times per week
Aquatic therapy in a warm pool

Correct answer: Progressive resistance and weight-bearing impact exercise

Progressive resistance training combined with weight-bearing impact activities (such as walking or low-impact aerobics) provides the mechanical loading stimulus needed to increase bone mineral density.

Question 128: What is the primary reason a PTA uses a coupling medium (gel) with therapeutic ultrasound?

To absorb excess ultrasound energy
To increase the temperature of the transducer head
To eliminate the air interface between the transducer and skin, preventing reflection (Correct answer)
To conduct electrical current to the tissue

Correct answer: To eliminate the air interface between the transducer and skin, preventing reflection

Ultrasound waves reflect off air; coupling gel eliminates the air gap between the transducer and skin, ensuring maximal energy transmission into the tissue.

Question 129: When using a whirlpool for wound debridement on a patient with peripheral vascular disease, the MOST appropriate water temperature is:

102–104°F (38.9–40°C)
92–96°F (33.3–35.6°C) (Correct answer)
80–85°F (26.7–29.4°C)
98–100°F (36.7–37.8°C)

Correct answer: 92–96°F (33.3–35.6°C)

Patients with peripheral vascular disease have compromised circulation and often reduced sensation, requiring a lower temperature (92–96°F) to minimize the risk of thermal injury.

Question 130: On the Braden Scale for pressure injury risk prediction, which score indicates the HIGHEST risk for pressure injury development?

Score of 9 (Correct answer)
Score of 13
Score of 23
Score of 19

Correct answer: Score of 9

The Braden Scale ranges from 6 (highest risk) to 23 (lowest risk); a score of ≤9 indicates very high risk because lower scores reflect severe impairment across sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction/shear.

Question 131: What is the recommended position for performing low back mobilization to target the L4–L5 segment?

Side-lying with trunk rotation (Correct answer)
Prone with lumbar extension
Supine with knees to chest
Seated with forward flexion

Correct answer: Side-lying with trunk rotation

Side-lying positioning with controlled trunk rotation allows the PTA to target the L4–L5 facet joints effectively with rotational mobilization.

Question 132: Iontophoresis uses which principle to drive medication through the skin?

Magnetic resonance
High-frequency alternating current
Ultrasonic cavitation
Direct electrical current repelling similarly charged ions (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Direct electrical current repelling similarly charged ions

Iontophoresis uses direct current to drive ionized medication through the skin; like charges repel, so a negatively charged drug is driven from the negative electrode into tissue.

Question 133: What is the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test cutoff score associated with increased fall risk in community-dwelling older adults?

5 seconds
12 seconds (Correct answer)
10 seconds
20 seconds

Correct answer: 12 seconds

A TUG score greater than 12 seconds in community-dwelling older adults is associated with increased fall risk and mobility impairment.

Question 134: A patient with a Stage II pressure injury over the right ischial tuberosity is being treated. The PTA should recommend which seating surface modification?

Positioning wedge to increase hip flexion past 90 degrees
Donut-shaped ring cushion to offload the area
Standard foam cushion to maintain positioning
Air-cell cushion to distribute pressure evenly (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Air-cell cushion to distribute pressure evenly

An air-cell or alternating pressure cushion distributes pressure evenly and reduces peak pressure at bony prominences, which is preferred for Stage II injuries.

Question 135: A patient with cerebellar ataxia will most likely demonstrate which of the following?

Resting tremor and cogwheel rigidity
Spasticity and hyperreflexia
Flaccidity and hyporeflexia
Intention tremor and dysdiadochokinesia (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Intention tremor and dysdiadochokinesia

Cerebellar lesions produce intention tremor (worsening with purposeful movement), dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid alternating movements), and ataxic gait.

Question 136: Phonophoresis differs from standard ultrasound in that it:

Drives topical medication into deeper tissues using ultrasound energy (Correct answer)
Uses a higher frequency for deeper penetration
Applies ultrasound in water to irregular surfaces
Uses pulsed ultrasound exclusively to avoid heating

Correct answer: Drives topical medication into deeper tissues using ultrasound energy

Phonophoresis uses ultrasound energy to enhance the transdermal delivery of topical medications such as hydrocortisone or diclofenac into deeper tissues.

Question 137: Which ultrasound application technique is required when treating bony or irregular surface areas?

Stationary technique
Air-coupling technique
Water immersion technique (Correct answer)
Moving transducer technique

Correct answer: Water immersion technique

Water immersion ultrasound is used for irregular surfaces (hands, feet, ankles) because water provides a coupling medium and allows the transducer to maintain contact without direct pressure on bony prominences.

Question 138: A patient with a complete T10 spinal cord injury retains which function?

Full lower extremity motor function
Voluntary ankle plantarflexion
Voluntary bladder control
Trunk muscle control above the umbilicus (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Trunk muscle control above the umbilicus

A T10 complete SCI preserves motor and sensory function above T10, including upper trunk musculature and sensation above the umbilicus.

Question 139: The Thomas test is used to assess tightness of which muscle group?

Hamstrings
Hip flexors (Correct answer)
Hip abductors
Ankle plantar flexors

Correct answer: Hip flexors

The Thomas test assesses hip flexor tightness, particularly the iliopsoas and rectus femoris, by observing if the opposite leg rises off the table when the hip is brought to full flexion.

Question 140: Which breathing exercise technique is most appropriate for a patient with COPD to reduce air trapping and dyspnea?

Pursed-lip breathing (Correct answer)
Diaphragmatic breathing only
Incentive spirometry
Forced expiratory technique

Correct answer: Pursed-lip breathing

Pursed-lip breathing creates back-pressure during exhalation that helps keep airways open longer, reducing air trapping and improving gas exchange in COPD.

Question 141: The therapist should start from the following while doing lymphatic drainage techniques:

Posterior to anterior
Anterior to posterior
Distal to proximal
Proximal to distal (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Proximal to distal

Proximal to distal lymphatic drainage procedures are used to re-route fluid away from obstructed locations and toward regions that can drain more easily.

Question 142: Which technique is used to mobilize secretions from the peripheral airways toward the larger airways?

Incentive spirometry
Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT) (Correct answer)
Pursed-lip breathing
Diaphragmatic strengthening

Correct answer: Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT)

The Active Cycle of Breathing Technique combines breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises, and the forced expiration technique to clear peripheral airway secretions.

Question 143: Which spinal cord injury classification indicates motor incomplete with more than half of key muscles below neurological level graded less than 3/5?

ASIA D
ASIA A
ASIA B
ASIA C (Correct answer)

Correct answer: ASIA C

ASIA C (motor incomplete) means some motor function is preserved below the neurological level, but more than half of key muscles have a grade less than 3.

Question 144: A patient with lower back discomfort is being treated by a PTA in an outpatient clinic. The patient has severe GERD, according to the PT's initial assessment. Which posture for this patient should be avoided?

Supine (Correct answer)
Prolonged sitting
Side lying
Prolonged standing

Correct answer: Supine

In contrast to gravity's ability to keep gastric acid in the stomach, lying supine allows acid reflux to remain in the esophagus. Therefore, those who have GERD should refrain from spending a lot of time flat out.

Question 145: What is the primary purpose of the push-off phase (terminal stance to pre-swing) in the gait cycle?

Forward propulsion of the body (Correct answer)
Shock absorption and weight acceptance
Lateral weight transfer
Hip extension and trunk stabilization

Correct answer: Forward propulsion of the body

The push-off phase generates forward propulsion via ankle plantarflexion, providing the energy needed to advance the limb into swing and propel the body forward.

Question 146: Immediately following exercise, these modifications are typically seen:

Increased systolic and slightly decreased diastolic blood pressures (Correct answer)
Decreased systolic and slightly increased diastolic blood pressures
Rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressures
Decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures

Correct answer: Increased systolic and slightly decreased diastolic blood pressures

Due to the vasodilation of arteries during activity, it is common to observe an increase in systolic blood pressure and a little fall in systolic blood pressure after exercise.

Question 147: Which workout intensity monitoring device is the most precise when working with a patient who is taking beta blockers?

Borg rate of perceived exertion (Correct answer)
Berg dyspnea scale
Heart rate
Blood Pressure

Correct answer: Borg rate of perceived exertion

The heart rate of a patient is slowed by beta blockers. Heart rate is therefore not a reliable indicator of exercise intensity for these people. The best method for gauging exercise intensity is the Borg rate of perceived exertion scale.

Question 148: A 17-year-old female patient has completed her treatment for lower back pain after regularly making progress and experiencing no pain for the last seven days. She described a sudden return of back discomfort that persisted for almost three days before going away. She disputes a shift in her behavior. What among the following is most likely to be the reason?

Newly bulging disc
Gallstones
Referred pain as a part of the menstrual cycle (Correct answer)
Metastatic bone disease

Correct answer: Referred pain as a part of the menstrual cycle

Ovarian pain occasionally refers to the lower back and can be a result of the menstrual cycle. This is the most likely reason of those listed given the patient's brief start and ease of symptoms.

Question 149: The O2 saturation of a patient who is receiving acute care for a COPD exacerbation falls to 82% while the patient is being moved around. The PTA's best plan of action is to:

Try to get the patient to finish the walk as they need to build endurance
Have the patient lie down immediately.
Turn the patient's supplemental oxygen up 0.5L to allow them to finish the walk.
Stop ambulation and rest, coaching the patient through purse lip breathing. Then notify the nurse. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Stop ambulation and rest, coaching the patient through purse lip breathing. Then notify the nurse.

It is not recommended to continue exercising at an oxygen saturation level of 82%. Coaching through pursed lip breathing while pausing to rest should raise levels to a safe level. It is crucial to let the nurse know about this severe desaturation.

Question 150: What is the close-packed position of the knee joint?

90° flexion
30° flexion
45° flexion with tibial internal rotation
Full extension with tibial external rotation (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Full extension with tibial external rotation

The close-packed (maximally congruent) position of the knee is full extension with slight external tibial rotation, creating the screw-home mechanism.

Question 151: Which phase of cardiac rehabilitation focuses on monitored in-hospital ambulation and low-level activity immediately after a cardiac event?

Phase IV (independent maintenance)
Phase II (outpatient supervised)
Phase III (community-based)
Phase I (inpatient) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Phase I (inpatient)

Phase I cardiac rehab begins in the hospital immediately after a cardiac event, focusing on low-level ambulation, education, and monitored activity to prevent deconditioning.

Question 152: For a patient with right hemiplegia performing wheelchair propulsion, which technique is most efficient?

Using the unaffected arm on the hand rim and the unaffected leg to assist propulsion and steer (Correct answer)
Using both arms equally on the hand rims
Using a power wheelchair exclusively
Using only the unaffected arm and leg to propel and steer

Correct answer: Using the unaffected arm on the hand rim and the unaffected leg to assist propulsion and steer

Hemiplegic patients most efficiently propel a wheelchair using the unaffected arm on the hand rim combined with the unaffected foot on the floor for steering and added propulsion.

Question 153: Which sensory system is primarily affected when a patient fails the Romberg test with eyes closed but passes with eyes open?

Vestibular system
Vision
Auditory system
Proprioception (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Proprioception

Failing the Romberg test only with eyes closed indicates proprioceptive dysfunction, as the patient can compensate with vision but not without it.

Question 154: Which position best facilitates drainage of the right middle lobe of the lung?

Right side-lying in a flat position
Prone with the right side elevated
Left side-lying with the bed in a head-down position (Correct answer)
Supine with a pillow under the knees

Correct answer: Left side-lying with the bed in a head-down position

Right middle lobe drainage is achieved with the patient in left side-lying with a slight head-down (Trendelenburg) tilt, allowing gravity to drain secretions from that lobe.

Question 155: A PTA is treating a patient who underwent split-thickness skin grafting 3 days ago. Which activity must be STRICTLY avoided at the graft site?

Compression garment application
Elevation of the grafted extremity
Gentle visual inspection and assessment
Shear forces and mechanical disruption of the graft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Shear forces and mechanical disruption of the graft

Shear forces and mechanical disruption in the first 3–5 days post-grafting can dislodge the graft before vascular inosculation (blood supply ingrowth) is established, causing graft failure.

Question 156: Which breath sound is associated with fluid in the alveoli and small airways and sounds like crackling or popping?

Crackles (rales) (Correct answer)
Wheezing
Pleural friction rub
Rhonchi

Correct answer: Crackles (rales)

Crackles (rales) are discontinuous, bubbling sounds caused by fluid in the alveoli and small airways, commonly heard in pulmonary edema and pneumonia.

Question 157: Which of the following is a sign of autonomic dysreflexia in a patient with a spinal cord injury at C6?

Muscle spasticity below the level of injury
Hyperthermia and tachycardia throughout the body
Severe hypertension with pounding headache and diaphoresis above the lesion (Correct answer)
Hypotension and bradycardia below the lesion

Correct answer: Severe hypertension with pounding headache and diaphoresis above the lesion

Autonomic dysreflexia presents with severe hypertension, pounding headache, profuse sweating, and flushing above the SCI level, triggered by a noxious stimulus below.

Question 158: A patient receiving outpatient PT tells the PTA they were recently diagnosed with HIV. The PTA's FIRST response should be to:

Apply transmission-based precautions in addition to standard precautions
Inform the supervising PT so the patient can be reassigned
Consult the facility infection control officer before continuing
Continue treatment using standard precautions only (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Continue treatment using standard precautions only

HIV is transmitted through blood and body fluids, not casual contact; standard precautions are sufficient for routine PT treatment of a patient with HIV.

Question 159: During normal gait, when does the center of mass reach its lowest point?

During midstance
During loading response (foot flat) (Correct answer)
At initial contact (heel strike)
At terminal stance (heel rise)

Correct answer: During loading response (foot flat)

The center of mass reaches its lowest point during double support (loading response) and its highest point during midstance, producing an inverted pendulum pattern.

Question 160: Which electrical stimulation waveform is most commonly used for muscle strengthening in a normally innervated muscle?

Direct current (galvanic)
High-voltage pulsed current
Interferential current
Russian current (medium-frequency AC) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Russian current (medium-frequency AC)

Russian current (2500 Hz sinusoidal AC delivered in 50 bursts/sec) is widely used for muscle strengthening because it produces strong, comfortable muscle contractions.

National Physical Therapy Examination – Physical Therapist Assistant (NPTE-PTA)

The NPTE-PTA is the national licensure examination for physical therapist assistants, administered by the FSBPT, testing entry-level knowledge across body systems, interventions, data collection, and non-system professional competencies.

180

Questions

240 min

Time Limit

70%

To Pass

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