NPS NPS Neonatal Physiology and Pathophysiology

Question 1

What is the normal fetal hemoglobin (HbF) percentage in a term newborn at birth?

Accepted Answer

60–80%

Answer

10–20%

Answer

30–40%

Answer

90–100%

Question 2

The transition from fetal to neonatal circulation after birth involves which critical change?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus as pulmonary vascular resistance falls

Answer

Opening of the ductus venosus to increase hepatic blood flow

Answer

Reversal of umbilical artery blood flow direction

Answer

Decreased left ventricular output

Question 3

Which electrolyte abnormality is most common in preterm neonates in the first 24–48 hours of life?

Accepted Answer

Hypernatremia

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Answer

Hypokalemia

Answer

Hypermagnesemia

Question 4

Hyperbilirubinemia in neonates becomes concerning when bilirubin crosses the blood-brain barrier, causing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy)

Answer

Neonatal lupus

Answer

Hydrops fetalis

Answer

Polycythemia

Question 5

A neonate born at 26 weeks gestation has a brain ultrasound showing blood in the lateral ventricles without dilation. This is classified as which grade of IVH?

Accepted Answer

Grade II

Answer

Grade I

Answer

Grade III

Answer

Grade IV

Question 6

What is the underlying pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm neonates?

Accepted Answer

Intestinal ischemia, bacterial translocation, and inflammatory cascade

Answer

Hirschsprung disease causing functional obstruction

Answer

Congenital absence of intestinal enzymes

Answer

Volvulus from intestinal malrotation