Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards

Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder abduction between 90–180 degrees?

Answer: Trapezius (upper)

Above 90 degrees of shoulder abduction, the upper trapezius and serratus anterior rotate the scapula to complete the movement.

The thoracolumbar fascia connects which two major structures?

Answer: Latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus

The thoracolumbar fascia is a key force-transfer structure linking the latissimus dorsi to the contralateral gluteus maximus.

Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured due to a fall on an outstretched hand?

Answer: Scaphoid

The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone and risks avascular necrosis due to its blood supply entering distally.

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer: Saddle joint

The sternoclavicular joint is a saddle joint, allowing elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and rotation of the clavicle.

The femoral triangle is bounded superiorly by which structure?

Answer: Inguinal ligament

The inguinal ligament forms the superior (base) boundary of the femoral triangle, while sartorius and adductor longus form its lateral and medial walls.

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer: Phrenic nerve (C3–C5)

The phrenic nerve (C3–C5) is the motor innervation to the diaphragm; the mnemonic 'C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive' is commonly used.

Plantarflexion is primarily produced by which muscle group?

Answer: Gastrocnemius and soleus

The gastrocnemius and soleus (triceps surae) are the primary plantarflexors, inserting via the Achilles tendon onto the calcaneus.