NBCE Research and Development 3

Question 1

Which sampling method ensures every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Answer

Convenience sampling

Answer

Purposive sampling

Answer

Snowball sampling

Question 2

Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is primarily required to:

Accepted Answer

Protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects

Answer

Validate the statistical methodology of a study

Answer

Ensure funding compliance with federal grant requirements

Answer

Peer review the scientific quality of the research protocol

Question 3

In a study with p = 0.03, the correct interpretation is:

Accepted Answer

If the null hypothesis were true, results this extreme would occur 3% of the time by chance

Answer

There is a 3% probability the null hypothesis is true

Answer

There is a 97% probability the alternative hypothesis is true

Answer

The effect size is clinically meaningful at a 3% threshold

Question 4

Construct validity in chiropractic outcomes research refers to:

Accepted Answer

Whether an instrument truly measures the theoretical construct it claims to measure

Answer

The degree to which a measure consistently produces the same results

Answer

The extent to which results can be applied to other populations

Answer

Agreement between two different raters using the same instrument

Question 5

Which measure of central tendency is most resistant to extreme outlier values in a dataset?

Accepted Answer

Median

Answer

Mean

Answer

Variance

Answer

Standard deviation

Question 6

A chiropractic researcher uses a crossover design, which means:

Accepted Answer

Each participant serves as their own control by receiving both treatments sequentially

Answer

Two separate patient groups receive different treatments simultaneously

Answer

Researchers switch from qualitative to quantitative methods mid-study

Answer

Subjects are randomly allocated to control versus experimental groups

Question 7

Publication bias in systematic reviews most commonly results in:

Accepted Answer

Overestimation of treatment effects due to selective reporting of positive results

Answer

Overrepresentation of studies with negative or null findings

Answer

Exclusion of foreign-language studies from the analysis

Answer

Reduced statistical power to detect true differences