Research and Development Flashcards

Which sampling method ensures every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected?

Answer: Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling gives every individual in the population an equal and independent chance of inclusion.

Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is primarily required to:

Answer: Protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects

IRBs exist to safeguard the rights, privacy, and welfare of individuals participating in research.

In a study with p = 0.03, the correct interpretation is:

Answer: If the null hypothesis were true, results this extreme would occur 3% of the time by chance

The p-value represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme as observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

Construct validity in chiropractic outcomes research refers to:

Answer: Whether an instrument truly measures the theoretical construct it claims to measure

Construct validity assesses whether an instrument accurately captures the theoretical concept it is designed to measure.

Which measure of central tendency is most resistant to extreme outlier values in a dataset?

Answer: Median

The median is not influenced by extreme values and is therefore more robust than the mean in skewed distributions.

A chiropractic researcher uses a crossover design, which means:

Answer: Each participant serves as their own control by receiving both treatments sequentially

In a crossover design, each participant receives both treatments in different periods, serving as their own control.

Publication bias in systematic reviews most commonly results in:

Answer: Overestimation of treatment effects due to selective reporting of positive results

Positive results are more likely to be published, causing systematic reviews to overestimate actual treatment benefit.