Human Growth & Development Flashcards

Which of the following best describes 'scaffolding' in educational contexts?

Answer: Providing temporary support that is gradually withdrawn as competence increases

Scaffolding, derived from Vygotsky's work, involves adjustable support that fades as the learner gains independence.

Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg centered on the idea that his theory:

Answer: Was biased toward male perspectives emphasizing justice over care

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's justice-oriented framework undervalued a care-based ethic more common in women's moral reasoning.

Selective optimization with compensation (SOC) is a model associated with successful aging proposed by:

Answer: Paul Baltes

Baltes's SOC model describes how older adults manage losses by selecting priority goals, optimizing resources, and compensating for declining capacities.

The term 'emerging adulthood' coined by Jeffrey Arnett refers to the period from approximately:

Answer: 18 to 25 years

Arnett identified ages 18–25 as a distinct developmental phase marked by identity exploration, instability, and self-focus.

According to Havighurst's developmental tasks framework, which task is associated with middle adulthood?

Answer: Achieving civic and social responsibility

Havighurst listed achieving civic and social responsibility among the developmental tasks of middle adulthood (ages 30–60).

In the context of lifespan development, 'plasticity' refers to:

Answer: The ability of development to take different paths depending on conditions

Plasticity emphasizes that development is modifiable and open to change across the entire lifespan, not fixed or inevitable.

Piaget's concept of 'egocentrism' in the preoperational stage means children:

Answer: Assume others perceive the world as they do

Preoperational egocentrism is a cognitive limitation—children cannot easily adopt another person's perspective, not a moral failing.