Exercise Science Flashcards

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system during exercise?

Answer: To deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues

The primary function of the cardiovascular system during exercise is to efficiently deliver oxygen and essential nutrients to working muscles and tissues. Simultaneously, it removes metabolic waste products like carbon dioxide, ensuring cells have the necessary fuel and can function optimally for sustained physical activity. This vital transport system supports energy production and waste clearance.

Which type of muscle fiber is most resistant to fatigue and primarily used during endurance activities?

Answer: Type I (slow-twitch)

Type I (slow-twitch) muscle fibers are most resistant to fatigue and primarily used during endurance activities. These fibers are rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, allowing them to efficiently use oxygen for sustained energy production. Their slow contraction speed and high endurance capacity make them ideal for prolonged, low-intensity efforts.

What is the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in muscle contraction?

Answer: It provides energy for muscle contractions

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the direct energy source that powers muscle contractions. When ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases energy that enables the myosin heads to bind to actin and perform the power stroke, leading to muscle shortening. Without a continuous supply of ATP, muscles cannot contract.

Which component of physical fitness is primarily improved by regular aerobic exercise?

Answer: Cardiovascular endurance

Cardiovascular endurance is primarily improved by regular aerobic exercise. Aerobic activities strengthen the heart and lungs, enhancing their ability to efficiently deliver oxygen to working muscles over extended periods. This improves the body's capacity for sustained physical activity and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

During resistance training, what type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while producing force?

Answer: Eccentric contraction

During resistance training, an eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while still producing force, such as the lowering phase of a bicep curl or squat. This type of contraction is crucial for controlling movement, absorbing impact, and is often associated with greater muscle damage and subsequent strength gains.

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels during exercise?

Answer: Glucagon

Glucagon is the hormone primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels during exercise. Released by the pancreas, glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to produce new glucose (gluconeogenesis). This action helps maintain adequate blood sugar for working muscles, preventing hypoglycemia.

What is the term for the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized during exercise?

Answer: VO2 max

VO2 max is the term for the highest rate at which an individual can take up, transport, and utilize oxygen during maximal exercise. It is a key indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic endurance capacity. A higher VO2 max generally signifies a greater ability to perform prolonged physical activity.