Master of Pharmacy: Research and Biostatistics Flashcards
7 cards from real MPharm Master of Pharmacy practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Master of Pharmacy: Research and Biostatistics flashcards as text
In linear regression applied to pharmacokinetic data, the coefficient of determination (R²) represents:
Answer: The proportion of variance in the outcome explained by the predictor(s)
R² quantifies how well the independent variable(s) explain variation in the dependent variable, ranging from 0 (no fit) to 1 (perfect fit).
The number needed to treat (NNT) is calculated as:
Answer: 1 divided by the absolute risk reduction
NNT = 1/ARR; it represents how many patients must receive treatment for one additional patient to benefit compared to control.
Which regression model is appropriate when the outcome variable is binary (e.g., responded vs. did not respond to treatment)?
Answer: Logistic regression
Logistic regression models the log-odds of a binary outcome and is the standard approach for dichotomous dependent variables in clinical research.
In an institutional review board (IRB) submission for a phase I pharmacokinetic study, which ethical principle primarily governs the acceptable risk-benefit ratio?
Answer: Beneficence
Beneficence requires researchers to maximize benefits and minimize harms, directly guiding the risk-benefit assessment central to IRB review.
A Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons adjusts the significance threshold by:
Answer: Dividing the original alpha by the number of comparisons
The Bonferroni correction sets the new threshold as α/m (where m = number of tests) to maintain the familywise error rate at the original alpha.
In population pharmacokinetic modeling, which software platform is most widely used for nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NLMEM)?
Answer: NONMEM
NONMEM (NONlinear Mixed Effects Modeling) is the gold-standard software for population PK/PD modeling in pharmaceutical research and drug development.
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) oversees compliance with which set of principles in preclinical pharmaceutical research?
Answer: The 3Rs: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement
IACUC enforces the 3Rs framework—replacing animals when possible, reducing numbers used, and refining procedures to minimize suffering.