Nail Anatomy & Pathology Flashcards

What is the nail matrix and what is its function?

Answer: The tissue under the proximal nail fold that produces new nail cells (keratinocytes) for nail growth

The nail matrix is the growth center of the nail, containing rapidly dividing cells that produce keratinocytes which harden into the nail plate as they move distally.

What condition is characterized by thickened, discolored nails often caused by fungal infection?

Answer: Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail that causes thickening, discoloration (yellow, brown, or white), and brittleness, affecting approximately 10% of the adult population.

What is onycholysis?

Answer: Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed

Onycholysis is the painless separation of the nail from its bed, starting at the distal free edge. Causes include trauma, fungal infection, psoriasis, thyroid disease, and reaction to chemicals.

What is the lunula?

Answer: The white, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail visible through the nail plate

The lunula is the visible portion of the nail matrix, appearing as a whitish half-moon shape at the proximal end of the nail. Its white color results from the opacity of the matrix cells.

Why must medical nail technicians be able to identify nail melanoma?

Answer: Because nail melanoma can appear as a dark streak and early detection is critical for survival

Subungual melanoma can present as a brown or black longitudinal streak (melanonychia). Medical nail technicians must recognize warning signs and refer clients for immediate medical evaluation, as early detection saves lives.

What is the hyponychium?

Answer: The skin beneath the free edge of the nail that seals the nail bed from external pathogens

The hyponychium is the thickened skin under the free edge of the nail plate, creating a waterproof seal that protects the nail bed from bacterial and fungal entry.