Milady Cosmetology State Board Written Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: Why is maintaining a professional image important in cosmetology?

To prevent workplace accidents.
To express personal style freely.
To establish trust and credibility with clients. (Correct answer)
To comply with OSHA regulations.

Correct answer: To establish trust and credibility with clients.

Maintaining a professional image in cosmetology is crucial for establishing trust and credibility with clients. Clients are more likely to feel confident in a cosmetologist's skills and judgment when they present themselves professionally, which includes appearance, demeanor, and communication. This professionalism builds rapport, fosters client loyalty, and enhances the salon's reputation.

Question 2: What is the medical term for the condition commonly known as pattern baldness?

Androgenetic alopecia (Correct answer)
Traction alopecia
Alopecia areata
Telogen effluvium

Correct answer: Androgenetic alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia is the medical term for hereditary pattern baldness, driven by genetic and hormonal factors.

Question 3: What is the best way to handle a difficult client during a service?

Tell them to find another stylist.
Ignore their complaints and continue working.
Offer a discount immediately.
Listen actively and remain calm. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Listen actively and remain calm.

The best way to handle a difficult client is to listen actively and remain calm. This approach demonstrates empathy and professionalism, allowing the cosmetologist to understand the client's concerns without escalating the situation. By staying calm and listening, the cosmetologist can then address the issue constructively and work towards a satisfactory resolution, often de-escalating tension.

Question 4: Which of the following nail shapes is considered a conservative classic, suitable for most clients?

Ballerina/Coffin
Stiletto
Oval (Correct answer)
Square

Correct answer: Oval

The oval nail shape is a classic and elegant choice that is flattering on most hand shapes and nail lengths. It is filed into a gentle arch that mirrors the shape of the cuticle. This shape is less prone to breaking than more angular shapes like the square or stiletto.

Question 5: To achieve maximum volume at the scalp during a permanent wave, which tool placement technique should be used, keeping in mind it also creates the most tension on the hair?

On-base placement (Correct answer)
Off-base placement
Under-directed placement
Half-off-base placement

Correct answer: On-base placement

On-base placement involves wrapping the hair at a 45-degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, positioning the rod directly on its base. This technique creates the most volume but also puts the most tension and stress on the hair, which can lead to breakage.

Question 6: What is the primary function of the sebaceous glands?

Provide sensory information
Produce sweat
Secrete sebum (Correct answer)
Protect against UV radiation

Correct answer: Secrete sebum

Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands found in the skin, primarily associated with hair follicles. Their main function is to produce and secrete an oily substance called sebum, which lubricates the skin and hair, preventing dryness and providing a protective barrier.

Question 7: During a lightening service, the client's hair reveals strong, unwanted orange tones. According to the law of color, which color toner should be used to neutralize this brassiness?

Red
Violet
Green
Blue (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Blue

The law of color states that complementary colors, which are opposite each other on the color wheel, neutralize one another. Blue is directly opposite orange, so a blue-based toner will effectively cancel out unwanted orange or brassy tones in the hair.

Question 8: A client with extremely curly hair wants to permanently straighten it. The process involves a relaxer that removes a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond, converting it into a lanthionine bond. What is this chemical process called?

Lanthionization (Correct answer)
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Oxidation

Correct answer: Lanthionization

Lanthionization is the process where hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair by removing a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond and converting it into a new lanthionine bond. This change is permanent and the broken disulfide bonds can never be reformed.

Question 9: What is the purpose of a scalp analysis before performing a hair service?

To estimate the time required for the service
To choose the correct styling tools
To determine the client’s hair length
To identify scalp conditions and hair health (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To identify scalp conditions and hair health

A thorough scalp analysis before a hair service allows the cosmetologist to assess the client's scalp for any conditions like dryness, oiliness, dandruff, or lesions, and to evaluate the hair's texture, elasticity, and overall health. This information is vital for recommending appropriate products and services, ensuring client safety, and achieving optimal results.

Question 10: Holding the hair at a 90-degree elevation from the head during a haircut results in:

Layering and removal of weight (Correct answer)
Building weight
A blunt, one-length haircut
A graduated haircut

Correct answer: Layering and removal of weight

A 90-degree elevation, also known as high elevation or projection, creates uniform layers and removes weight from the haircut. This technique is fundamental for creating movement and texture throughout the hair.

Question 11: Which of the following best describes pityriasis steatoides?

Dry, powdery dandruff that falls easily from the scalp
Oily, waxy dandruff that adheres to the scalp and skin (Correct answer)
A bacterial condition causing scalp pustules
A fungal infection that causes ring-shaped bald patches

Correct answer: Oily, waxy dandruff that adheres to the scalp and skin

Pityriasis steatoides (oily or waxy dandruff) consists of greasy scales that cling to the scalp, often associated with overactive sebaceous glands.

Question 12: A client states that her skin has felt dull and rough, and she has noticed more fine lines recently. During the skin analysis, you observe that her skin appears to be lacking water. Which skin condition does this describe?

Mature skin
Dry skin
Oily skin
Dehydrated skin (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Dehydrated skin

Dehydrated skin is a condition characterized by a lack of water, which can affect any skin type, even oily skin. It often presents as dullness, a feeling of tightness, and more pronounced fine lines. Dry skin, on the other hand, is a skin type that lacks oil (sebum).

Question 13: To prevent ingrown toenails, how should the nails be filed during a pedicure?

As short as possible
Into a sharp point
Straight across, rounding them slightly at the corners (Correct answer)
Deeply rounded at the corners

Correct answer: Straight across, rounding them slightly at the corners

Toenails should be filed straight across, with the corners slightly rounded. Filing them too short or into a pointed or deeply rounded shape can cause the nail to grow into the surrounding skin, leading to a painful condition known as an ingrown toenail (onychocryptosis).

Question 14: Which of the following is considered a primary skin lesion?

A papule, such as a pimple without pus. (Correct answer)
A crust that has formed over a blemish.
A scar from a healed injury.
A fissure, like chapped lips.

Correct answer: A papule, such as a pimple without pus.

Primary lesions are marks on the skin that are in the early stages of development or change. A papule is a small, solid, raised lesion without pus. Scars, fissures, and crusts are all examples of secondary lesions, which result from changes in primary lesions.

Question 15: Which ingredient is FDA-approved as an over-the-counter topical treatment for hair loss?

Ketoconazole
Biotin
Minoxidil (Correct answer)
Finasteride

Correct answer: Minoxidil

Minoxidil (brand name Rogaine) is the only FDA-approved OTC topical treatment for hair loss available to both men and women.

Question 16: How can a cosmetologist maintain effective communication with clients?

Focus only on the service at hand.
Use technical terms to appear knowledgeable.
Avoid eye contact to remain professional.
Ask open-ended questions and clarify client expectations. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Ask open-ended questions and clarify client expectations.

To maintain effective communication with clients, a cosmetologist should ask open-ended questions and clarify client expectations. This approach encourages clients to express their desires fully, ensuring the cosmetologist understands their vision and can deliver satisfactory results. Clear communication prevents misunderstandings, builds client satisfaction, and fosters a strong professional relationship.

Question 17: The chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide is known as:

Reduction
Oxidation (Correct answer)
Combustion
Ionization

Correct answer: Oxidation

Oxidation is a chemical process that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state, often by combining with oxygen. Rusting iron is a common example of oxidation. Reduction is the opposite process, involving the gain of electrons.

Question 18: Which volume of hydrogen peroxide developer provides the most lift?

10 volume
40 volume (Correct answer)
20 volume
30 volume

Correct answer: 40 volume

The volume of developer indicates the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and its lifting power. 40 volume is the strongest standard developer and provides the maximum amount of lift in a single process.

Question 19: Which of the following are the three primary colors?

Yellow, Orange, Violet
Red, Green, Blue
Red, Yellow, Blue (Correct answer)
Blue, Green, Violet

Correct answer: Red, Yellow, Blue

The primary colors are fundamental colors that cannot be created by mixing other colors. All other colors on the color wheel are derived from these three hues.

Question 20: Polymerization is the chemical reaction that creates polymers. In the context of nail enhancements, this process is also known as:

Etching
Curing or hardening (Correct answer)
Dehydration
Abrasion

Correct answer: Curing or hardening

Polymerization is the process in which monomers link together to form long chains called polymers. In the salon, this chemical reaction is what causes the nail product to harden. This hardening process is commonly referred to as curing.

Question 21: Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

Ice melting to water (Correct answer)
Oxidation of hair color
Rusting of an iron nail
Burning wood

Correct answer: Ice melting to water

A physical change alters the form of a substance but does not change its chemical identity. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid, but it is still chemically water (H2O). The other options involve chemical reactions that create new substances.

Question 22: Which type of facial mask is most beneficial for oily and acne-prone skin due to its absorbent properties?

Clay mask (Correct answer)
Alginate mask
Gel mask
Cream mask

Correct answer: Clay mask

Clay-based masks are excellent for oily and combination skin types because they absorb excess oil and impurities from the skin's surface. Ingredients like kaolin and bentonite draw out congestion, helping to refine pores and clear up blemishes. They have a tightening effect as they dry.

Question 23: A client's hair is determined to have low porosity. How will this characteristic likely affect the hair coloring process?

The color will process faster and appear lighter than desired.
The hair will be resistant to color penetration, possibly requiring longer processing time. (Correct answer)
The hair will accept color evenly but will not hold cool tones.
The hair will absorb color very quickly and fade fast.

Correct answer: The hair will be resistant to color penetration, possibly requiring longer processing time.

Low porosity hair has a tightly packed cuticle layer, which resists moisture and chemical penetration. This makes it more difficult for hair color to be absorbed, which can lead to uneven results or require a longer processing time to ensure proper coverage.

Question 24: What is the primary purpose of disinfection in a salon?

To sterilize all tools and surfaces
To clean visible dirt and debris
To prevent dust accumulation
To kill most harmful microorganisms on nonporous surfaces (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To kill most harmful microorganisms on nonporous surfaces

Disinfection is a chemical process that destroys most, but not necessarily all, harmful microorganisms on environmental surfaces and implements. It is a critical step in salon hygiene to prevent the spread of infections, but it does not achieve the same level of sterility as sterilization, which kills all microbial life.

Question 25: A client with natural level 5 hair wants to achieve a level 9 blonde. This process will require lightening the hair first and then applying a separate color to tone it. Which of the following services is being performed?

A glaze application
A semi-permanent color
A double-process color (Correct answer)
A single-process color

Correct answer: A double-process color

A double-process color is a two-step service. The first step is to pre-lighten the hair, and the second step is to apply a toner or color to achieve the desired shade. This method is necessary when a client wants to go significantly lighter, such as from a level 5 to a level 9.

Question 26: Which layer of the skin contains the blood vessels and nerves that nourish hair follicles?

Epidermis
Periosteum
Dermis (Correct answer)
Subcutaneous tissue

Correct answer: Dermis

The dermis contains blood vessels and nerves that supply nutrients and oxygen to hair follicles.

Question 27: Which of the following chemical texture services uses the same primary reducing agent, ammonium thioglycolate (ATG), as a traditional alkaline perm but in a different concentration and pH?

Thio relaxer (Correct answer)
Sodium hydroxide relaxer
Guanidine hydroxide relaxer
Keratin smoothing treatment

Correct answer: Thio relaxer

Thio relaxers use ammonium thioglycolate (ATG), the same active ingredient as in alkaline perms, but at a higher concentration and a higher pH (typically above 10) to straighten the hair. Sodium hydroxide and guanidine hydroxide are lye and no-lye relaxers, respectively, which work through a different chemical process.

Question 28: What type of alopecia results from repeated excessive tension placed on the hair from tight hairstyles?

Cicatricial alopecia
Androgenetic alopecia
Traction alopecia (Correct answer)
Alopecia areata

Correct answer: Traction alopecia

Traction alopecia is caused by prolonged pulling or tension on hair follicles from styles such as tight braids or ponytails.

Question 29: Which condition causes patchy, non-scarring hair loss and is believed to be an autoimmune disorder?

Alopecia areata (Correct answer)
Cicatricial alopecia
Traction alopecia
Androgenetic alopecia

Correct answer: Alopecia areata

Alopecia areata is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles, resulting in round patches of hair loss.

Question 30: What is the term for dilated surface blood vessels, often seen on the nose and cheeks?

Milia
Comedones
Hyperpigmentation
Telangiectasias (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Telangiectasias

Telangiectasias, also known as couperose skin, are characterized by small, widened blood vessels on the skin. They are a common skin condition that can be associated with rosacea, sun damage, or genetics. This is a key factor to note during skin analysis as it requires gentle treatment.

Question 31: What is the largest bone in the human body?

Femur (Correct answer)
Pelvis
Tibia
Humerus

Correct answer: Femur

The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It extends from the hip to the knee, supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement of the leg. Its robust structure is essential for locomotion and maintaining an upright posture.

Question 32: Hair with high porosity generally requires which type of chemical service solution?

A less alkaline solution and shorter processing time (Correct answer)
Pre-softening with a higher pH solution before the service
A more alkaline solution and longer processing time
A stronger neutralizer to ensure curl formation

Correct answer: A less alkaline solution and shorter processing time

Highly porous hair has a raised cuticle layer that absorbs chemicals quickly and can be easily damaged. It requires a less alkaline solution (lower pH) and a shorter processing time to prevent over-processing and breakage.

Question 33: What is the primary function of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis?

To supply nutrients and oxygen to the skin.
To act as the body's primary protective barrier. (Correct answer)
To produce new skin cells.
To provide the skin with its color.

Correct answer: To act as the body's primary protective barrier.

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and serves as the main barrier, protecting the underlying tissues from infection, dehydration, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

Question 34: When performing a one-color UV gel enhancement service, what is the immediate next step after properly applying the base or bonding gel layer?

Apply the color gel layer directly over the uncured base gel.
Cure the gel under a UV or LED lamp as per manufacturer's directions. (Correct answer)
Wipe the inhibition layer with a cleanser.
File and shape the free edge of the gel.

Correct answer: Cure the gel under a UV or LED lamp as per manufacturer's directions.

Each layer of a traditional UV/LED gel system (base, color, top) must be cured under a lamp to polymerize, or harden, before the next layer is applied. Curing the base gel is essential for creating a solid, adhered foundation for the subsequent layers.

Question 35: A stable physical mixture of two or more substances is a(n):

Emulsion
Compound
Solution (Correct answer)
Suspension

Correct answer: Solution

A solution is a stable mixture where the solute is dissolved in a solvent and will not separate over time. Suspensions contain larger, undissolved particles that can separate. Emulsions are mixtures of immiscible substances held together by a binder.

Question 36: A stylist wants to create a haircut with maximum weight and a solid, one-length appearance. Which angle of elevation should be used?

45 degrees
90 degrees
0 degrees (Correct answer)
180 degrees

Correct answer: 0 degrees

A 0-degree elevation, also known as no elevation, means the hair is combed straight down from its natural falling position and cut against the skin. This technique creates a heavy, one-length line, which is the foundation of a blunt or bob haircut.

Question 37: What term describes diffuse, temporary hair shedding triggered by physical or emotional stress, illness, or childbirth?

Alopecia areata
Telogen effluvium (Correct answer)
Anagen effluvium
Postpartum alopecia

Correct answer: Telogen effluvium

Telogen effluvium occurs when a significant physical or emotional stressor pushes large numbers of hairs prematurely into the resting phase, causing widespread shedding.

Question 38: When tweezing, in which direction should the hair be pulled?

Straight up, away from the skin
In the direction of hair growth (Correct answer)
In a circular motion
Against the direction of hair growth

Correct answer: In the direction of hair growth

To ensure the entire hair is removed from the follicle and to minimize breakage and client discomfort, it's essential to pull the hair in the same direction it grows. Holding the skin taut and pulling smoothly and quickly in the direction of growth provides the best results. Pulling against the growth can break the hair and cause irritation.

Question 39: Which nutritional deficiency is most commonly associated with hair loss in women?

Iron deficiency (Correct answer)
Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency
Calcium deficiency

Correct answer: Iron deficiency

Iron deficiency (anemia) is one of the most common nutritional causes of hair loss because iron is essential for delivering oxygen to hair follicles.

Question 40: For a client with a round face shape, which haircut style is generally most flattering?

A chin-length bob with no layers
A style with height and volume on top and closeness at the sides (Correct answer)
A style with significant volume on the sides
A style with a short, rounded fringe

Correct answer: A style with height and volume on top and closeness at the sides

To flatter a round face shape, the goal is to create the illusion of length and diminish width. A haircut with height and volume at the crown and less volume on the sides will elongate the face, making it appear more oval.

Question 41: What is the term for a substance that allows oil and water to mix, or emulsify?

Volatile organic compound
Solvent
Silicone
Surfactant (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Surfactant

A surfactant is a molecule that has a water-loving (hydrophilic) head and an oil-loving (lipophilic) tail. This unique structure allows it to act as a bridge between oil and water, creating a stable emulsion. This is the principle behind soaps and detergents.

Question 42: Which of the following is considered an intrinsic factor of skin aging?

Sun exposure
Poor nutrition
Smoking
Genetics (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Genetics

Intrinsic aging is the natural, chronological aging process determined by genetics. Extrinsic factors are external influences that accelerate aging, such as sun exposure (photoaging), smoking, pollution, and poor nutrition.

Question 43: A client is scheduled for a facial but has a visible, active cold sore (herpes simplex) on their lip. What is the most appropriate course of action for the cosmetologist?

Perform the facial but avoid the lip area entirely.
Recommend an exfoliating treatment to remove the lesion.
Reschedule the appointment until the lesion has fully healed. (Correct answer)
Apply a protective cream over the cold sore and proceed.

Correct answer: Reschedule the appointment until the lesion has fully healed.

An active cold sore (herpes simplex) is a viral infection and a contraindication for a facial treatment. Performing the service could spread the virus to other areas of the client's face or to the cosmetologist. The appointment must be rescheduled.

Question 44: A client with a prominent square jawline desires a hairstyle to soften their facial features. Which styling element would be most effective?

A style with no volume at the crown.
A sharp, geometric bob ending at the jawline.
Soft waves or curls directed toward the face around the jaw. (Correct answer)
A center part with hair slicked back behind the ears.

Correct answer: Soft waves or curls directed toward the face around the jaw.

For a square face shape, the goal is to soften the angular jawline. Styles that incorporate soft waves, curls, or face-framing layers help to add curvature and minimize the appearance of sharp angles.

Question 45: What is the primary purpose of performing a professional scalp treatment in a salon?

To cleanse and stimulate the scalp to promote healthy hair growth (Correct answer)
To chemically alter the hair's texture
To add color pigment to the scalp
To permanently straighten the hair shaft

Correct answer: To cleanse and stimulate the scalp to promote healthy hair growth

Scalp treatments cleanse the scalp of buildup and stimulate blood circulation to create an optimal environment for healthy hair growth.

Question 46: A stylist is preparing for a soft curl permanent on a client. This two-step process involves first relaxing the hair and then wrapping it on larger rods. What type of chemical is used for this service?

A hydroxide-based chemical
A thio-based chemical (Correct answer)
A sulfite-based chemical
A glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG) based chemical

Correct answer: A thio-based chemical

A soft curl permanent is a thio-based chemical service that first uses a thio relaxer to straighten the hair, followed by a thio permanent wave on larger rods to create a looser, larger curl pattern. It should not be performed on hair previously treated with a hydroxide relaxer.

Question 47: Which phase of the hair growth cycle is the active growth phase during which new hair cells are produced?

Exogen
Catagen
Telogen
Anagen (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Anagen

The anagen phase is the active growth phase during which the hair follicle continuously produces new hair cells.

Question 48: Which type of cutting line is used to create a stable, one-length, blunt haircut?

Vertical line
Diagonal line
Traveling line
Horizontal line (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Horizontal line

Horizontal lines are parallel to the horizon and build weight in a haircut. When used with zero elevation, they create a clean, straight line at the perimeter, which is the foundation of a classic blunt or one-length style.

Question 49: A client arrives for a manicure with nails that appear thickened, discolored, and are lifting from the nail bed without any prior injury. What is the most likely condition and the appropriate course of action?

The condition is onychocryptosis, and the service can be performed with caution.
The condition is leukonychia, and the service can be performed as usual.
The condition is nail psoriasis, and a gentle buffing and oil treatment should be performed.
The condition is likely onychomycosis, a fungal infection, and the service should be declined with a recommendation to see a physician. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The condition is likely onychomycosis, a fungal infection, and the service should be declined with a recommendation to see a physician.

The symptoms described (thickening, discoloration, lifting) are classic signs of onychomycosis, a contagious fungal infection. Cosmetologists are prohibited from servicing nails with infectious diseases and must refuse the service, recommending the client seek medical attention.

Question 50: What is the correct first step in disinfecting non-porous manicure implements after they have been used on a client?

Immerse in an EPA-registered disinfectant
Clean with soap and water (Correct answer)
Wipe with an alcohol wipe
Place them in a UV sterilizer

Correct answer: Clean with soap and water

The proper disinfection procedure requires two steps. First, the implements must be thoroughly cleaned with soap and warm water to remove all visible debris. After cleaning and drying, they must be completely immersed in an EPA-registered disinfectant according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Question 51: What is the primary function of texturizing shears?

To perform slide cutting
To create a clean, blunt line
To remove bulk without shortening the length (Correct answer)
To cut the initial guideline

Correct answer: To remove bulk without shortening the length

Texturizing shears, also known as thinning or blending shears, have notched blades that remove a percentage of the hair with each cut. This allows the stylist to reduce bulk, soften ends, and blend layers without affecting the overall guideline length.

Question 52: In monomer liquid and polymer powder systems, what is the substance that speeds up the chemical reaction of hardening?

Dehydrator
Primer
Inhibitor
Catalyst (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Catalyst

A catalyst is an ingredient added to the monomer liquid to control the curing time. It speeds up the chemical reaction by causing the initiators in the polymer powder to start the chain reaction of polymerization. This process causes the product to harden.

Question 53: A stylist is performing a layered haircut and elevates a section of hair straight out from the head at a 90-degree angle. What is the result of this technique?

Long layers with maximum length at the bottom.
A one-length, blunt perimeter.
A heavily stacked, graduated shape.
Uniform layers of equal length throughout the section. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Uniform layers of equal length throughout the section.

Cutting the hair at a 90-degree elevation removes weight and creates uniform layers. Each subsection is held perpendicular to the head shape, resulting in layers that are the same length.

Question 54: Which type of alopecia results in permanent hair loss due to the destruction and scarring of hair follicles?

Cicatricial alopecia (Correct answer)
Androgenetic alopecia
Alopecia areata
Telogen effluvium

Correct answer: Cicatricial alopecia

Cicatricial (scarring) alopecia permanently destroys hair follicles, which are replaced by scar tissue, making regrowth impossible.

Question 55: Which layer of the skin is known as the "true skin"?

Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Subcutaneous tissue
Dermis (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Dermis

The dermis is often referred to as the "true skin" because it contains the majority of the skin's structures, including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. It provides strength, elasticity, and nourishment to the epidermis, playing a crucial role in the skin's overall function and health.

Question 56: When mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color on the color wheel, what type of color is created?

A complementary color
An intense color
A primary color
A tertiary color (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A tertiary color

Tertiary colors are created by mixing a primary color with its adjacent secondary color. Examples include blue-violet, red-orange, and yellow-green. This is a fundamental concept in the Law of Color used for formulation.

Question 57: What is the simplest form of chemical matter that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity?

Element (Correct answer)
Compound
Molecule
Mixture

Correct answer: Element

An element is the basic building block of all matter and cannot be chemically broken down. Atoms are the particles from which all matter is composed, but an element is the simplest form of that chemical matter. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are joined together chemically.

Question 58: Which of the following is a primary contraindication for a facial treatment?

Minor hyperpigmentation
Dry skin
Oily T-zone
Contagious disease (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Contagious disease

A contraindication is a condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. Contagious diseases, such as impetigo, ringworm, or viral infections, are primary contraindications because performing a service could spread the infection to the practitioner or other clients. The service should be postponed until the condition is resolved.

Question 59: Which scalp massage movement uses a light, gentle stroking motion and is typically used to begin and end a scalp treatment?

Effleurage (Correct answer)
Petrissage
Friction
Tapotement

Correct answer: Effleurage

Effleurage uses light, rhythmic stroking movements and is the standard technique used to open and close a scalp massage, helping to relax the client.

Question 60: During a perm consultation, a client mentions they have a sensitive scalp. The cosmetologist chooses a relaxer that is advertised as a "no-lye" formula. Which of the following is most likely the active ingredient in this type of relaxer?

Sodium hydroxide
Guanidine hydroxide (Correct answer)
Ammonium thioglycolate
Glyceryl monothioglycolate

Correct answer: Guanidine hydroxide

No-lye relaxers, which are generally milder and better for sensitive scalps, commonly use guanidine hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide as the active ingredient instead of sodium hydroxide (lye).

Question 61: How long should tools be submerged in an EPA-registered disinfectant?

10 seconds
As specified by the manufacturer (Correct answer)
5 minutes
Until visibly clean

Correct answer: As specified by the manufacturer

The effectiveness of an EPA-registered disinfectant depends on following the manufacturer's instructions precisely, including the correct dilution ratio and contact time. Submerging tools for the specified duration ensures that the disinfectant has enough time to kill the target microorganisms, providing adequate protection against infection.

Question 62: What is the primary purpose of using a toner after a pre-lightening service?

To neutralize unwanted undertones (Correct answer)
To condition the hair
To make the hair darker
To permanently seal the cuticle

Correct answer: To neutralize unwanted undertones

Toners are used after lightening to neutralize or cancel out any unwanted warm tones, such as yellow or orange, that are exposed during the lifting process. This helps achieve the desired final shade, like a cool platinum blonde.

Question 63: The two principal actions in permanent waving are:

Rinsing and neutralizing
Physical and chemical (Correct answer)
Sectioning and applying
Wrapping and drying

Correct answer: Physical and chemical

Permanent waving involves a physical change, which is the wrapping of the hair on perm rods, and a chemical change, caused by the waving lotion and neutralizer. Both actions are required to restructure the hair's disulfide bonds.

Question 64: Which of the following demonstrates good time management in a salon?

Prioritizing tasks based on importance and urgency. (Correct answer)
Scheduling clients back-to-back without breaks.
Accepting walk-ins regardless of the day's schedule.
Spending extra time on consultations, even if it delays appointments.

Correct answer: Prioritizing tasks based on importance and urgency.

Good time management in a salon involves prioritizing tasks based on their importance and urgency. This ensures that critical client appointments and essential duties are handled efficiently, preventing delays and maximizing productivity. Effective prioritization allows a cosmetologist to manage their schedule, provide quality service, and maintain a smooth workflow, leading to better client satisfaction and salon operations.

Question 65: What is the purpose of a leave-in conditioner?

To cleanse the scalp
To add moisture and provide detangling benefits (Correct answer)
To provide hold for styling
To repair split ends permanently

Correct answer: To add moisture and provide detangling benefits

Leave-in conditioners are applied to hair after washing and are not rinsed out, providing continuous benefits. Their primary purpose is to infuse moisture, improve manageability, reduce frizz, and make detangling easier, protecting the hair from environmental damage and heat styling.

Question 66: Which term refers to the removal of hair at or near the surface of the skin?

Photoepilation
Electrolysis
Depilation (Correct answer)
Epilation

Correct answer: Depilation

Depilation removes hair at the skin's surface, with shaving and chemical depilatories being common examples. Epilation, on the other hand, is the removal of the entire hair from the follicle, such as with waxing, tweezing, or laser. Epilation methods generally have longer-lasting results.

Question 67: Which type of hair lightener is generally used for off-scalp applications like foiling or balayage and comes in a thicker consistency that expands less?

Clay lightener (Correct answer)
Cream lightener
Powder lightener
Oil lightener

Correct answer: Clay lightener

Clay lighteners are specifically designed for off-scalp, freehand painting techniques like balayage. Their thicker consistency creates a shell-like barrier that keeps the product moist on the inside while preventing it from swelling and bleeding onto other sections of hair.

Question 68: In haircutting, which type of line is used to remove weight and create layers?

Concave lines
Diagonal lines
Horizontal lines
Vertical lines (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Vertical lines

Vertical lines are perpendicular to the floor and are used to remove weight from a haircut, creating layers and adding movement. In contrast, horizontal lines build weight.

Question 69: Which scalp massage technique uses circular movements of the fingertips to stimulate blood circulation and warm the scalp?

Petrissage
Tapotement
Effleurage
Friction (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Friction

Friction massage applies circular rubbing movements with the fingertips to generate heat and stimulate blood circulation in the scalp.

Question 70: What is the primary function of hydrogen peroxide (developer) when mixed with an oxidative hair color, such as permanent color?

To condition the hair shaft during the coloring process.
To lower the pH of the hair color formula to prevent scalp irritation.
To act as a catalyst, activating the color molecules and helping them penetrate the cortex. (Correct answer)
To coat the outside of the hair cuticle with color molecules for a temporary effect.

Correct answer: To act as a catalyst, activating the color molecules and helping them penetrate the cortex.

Hydrogen peroxide, the active ingredient in developer, acts as an oxidizing agent and catalyst. When mixed with permanent hair color, it opens the hair cuticle, allowing the uncolored dye precursors to penetrate into the cortex where they react, oxidize, and form large, permanent color molecules.

Question 71: Before applying a sodium hydroxide relaxer, a cosmetologist must NOT perform which of the following steps?

Analyze the client's hair and scalp
Perform a strand test
Section the hair into four quadrants
Shampoo the hair (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Shampoo the hair

Shampooing the hair before a sodium hydroxide relaxer can irritate the scalp and remove its natural protective oils (sebum). This increases the risk of scalp burns and irritation from the highly alkaline chemical relaxer.

Question 72: Which scalp condition is characterized by dry, white, non-greasy scales that shed easily from the scalp or hair shaft?

Psoriasis
Pityriasis capitis simplex (Correct answer)
Seborrheic dermatitis
Tinea capitis

Correct answer: Pityriasis capitis simplex

Pityriasis capitis simplex (dry dandruff) presents as dry, white scales that detach easily and are not associated with oiliness.

Question 73: What is the primary function of hydrogen peroxide when mixed with an oxidative hair color, such as a permanent tint?

To act as a catalyst and developer (Correct answer)
To condition the hair shaft
To add a temporary shine to the hair
To seal the cuticle after color application

Correct answer: To act as a catalyst and developer

Hydrogen peroxide acts as the developer or oxidizing agent. When mixed with an alkalizing agent in the hair color, it breaks down the natural hair pigment (melanin) and develops the new artificial color molecules, allowing them to penetrate the cortex.

Question 74: The natural oil produced by the sebaceous glands, which helps to lubricate the skin and hair, is known as:

Sebum (Correct answer)
Keratin
Sudor
Melanin

Correct answer: Sebum

Sebum is the oily, waxy substance produced by the body's sebaceous glands. Its main purpose is to coat, moisturize, and protect the skin.

Question 75: In monomer liquid and polymer powder nail enhancements, what is the function of the initiator, such as benzoyl peroxide, which is found in the polymer powder?

It provides the color and opacity for the finished enhancement.
It prevents the enhancement from yellowing when exposed to UV light.
It absorbs excess moisture from the nail plate before application.
It is energized by the monomer liquid to start the chain reaction that hardens the product. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: It is energized by the monomer liquid to start the chain reaction that hardens the product.

The initiator in the polymer powder (often benzoyl peroxide) is activated by the catalyst in the monomer liquid. This starts the chemical reaction called polymerization, where monomers link together in long chains, causing the product to harden.

Question 76: Which of the following is an example of a single-use item in the salon?

Electric clipper
Shears
Nail buffer (Correct answer)
Metal tweezers

Correct answer: Nail buffer

A nail buffer is considered a single-use item because it is porous and cannot be properly cleaned and disinfected between clients without risking cross-contamination. Single-use items must be discarded after each client to maintain salon hygiene and prevent the spread of pathogens.

Question 77: A client presents with skin that appears shiny and has large pores, yet they complain of a tight, uncomfortable feeling. Which condition is most likely present?

Oily skin that is also dehydrated. (Correct answer)
Combination skin with an overactive T-zone.
Normal skin with temporary irritation.
Dry skin, which lacks oil.

Correct answer: Oily skin that is also dehydrated.

Dehydrated skin is a condition where the skin lacks water, not oil. Even oily skin types can become dehydrated, which can trigger the skin to produce even more oil to compensate for the lack of water, leading to a shiny yet tight feeling.

Question 78: During a consultation, a new client is interested in an advanced exfoliation treatment. You learn they have been using an oral prescription of isotretinoin (Accutane) within the last six months. How should you proceed?

Advise the client that the service cannot be performed and recommend they consult their physician. (Correct answer)
Have the client sign an extra waiver before performing the service.
Proceed with the service as requested.
Perform the service but use a lower-strength exfoliant.

Correct answer: Advise the client that the service cannot be performed and recommend they consult their physician.

Use of isotretinoin (Accutane) is a major contraindication for many treatments, especially exfoliation services like waxing, chemical peels, and microdermabrasion. The medication causes skin thinning and sensitivity, and performing such services can lead to severe irritation, blistering, or injury. The service should be postponed until the client has been off the medication for a period specified by a physician, typically at least six months.

Question 79: What determines the strength and elasticity of hair?

The cortex (Correct answer)
The medulla
The hair bulb
The cuticle layer

Correct answer: The cortex

The cortex is the middle layer of the hair shaft, located between the cuticle and the medulla. It is the most important layer, as it contains the melanin that gives hair its color, and its fibrous protein structure is responsible for the hair's strength, elasticity, and overall resilience.

Question 80: In the hair color level system, what does Level 1 represent?

Lightest Blonde
Black (Correct answer)
Medium Brown
Darkest Brown

Correct answer: Black

The level system is a scale from 1 to 10 used to identify the lightness or darkness of a color. Level 1 is the darkest (Black), and Level 10 is the lightest (Lightest Blonde).

Question 81: Which of the skin's functions is responsible for protecting the body from injury and bacterial invasion?

Protection (Correct answer)
Secretion
Absorption
Sensation

Correct answer: Protection

The skin's primary function is protection. It serves as a barrier against external factors like bacteria, UV radiation, and physical injury. Secretion involves releasing sebum, excretion involves releasing sweat, and absorption is the skin's ability to take in substances.

Question 82: Which of the following is NOT part of the central nervous system?

Cerebrum
Brain
Peripheral nerves (Correct answer)
Spinal cord

Correct answer: Peripheral nerves

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing information and coordinating bodily functions. Peripheral nerves, on the other hand, are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), extending from the CNS to the rest of the body to transmit sensory and motor signals.

Question 83: A client with level 7 hair wants to go to a level 4, but their hair was previously lightened to a level 9. To achieve the target color and avoid a muddy, greenish result, what essential product must be used?

A color filler (Correct answer)
A blue-based toner
A clarifying shampoo
A high-lift tint

Correct answer: A color filler

When taking pre-lightened hair three or more levels darker, the underlying warm pigments that were removed during the lightening process must be replaced. A color filler is used to re-deposit this missing pigment, creating an even base for the new, darker color and preventing undesirable cool or muddy tones like green.

Question 84: The primary difference between hard wax and soft wax is that hard wax:

Requires a pre-wax powder
Is removed without a fabric strip (Correct answer)
Is applied against the direction of hair growth
Can only be used on the legs

Correct answer: Is removed without a fabric strip

Hard wax is applied in a thick layer, allowed to cool and harden, and then removed by lifting an edge and pulling it off without a strip. Soft wax is applied thinly and requires a fabric or paper strip to be pressed onto it for removal. Hard wax is often preferred for smaller, more sensitive areas.

Question 85: What is the importance of understanding body mechanics in cosmetology?

To enhance creativity in services.
To improve client satisfaction.
To speed up service time.
To prevent repetitive motion injuries. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To prevent repetitive motion injuries.

Understanding body mechanics in cosmetology is vital to prevent repetitive motion injuries (RMIs) and musculoskeletal disorders. Cosmetologists perform many tasks that involve repetitive movements, awkward postures, and prolonged standing. Proper body mechanics help maintain good posture, reduce strain on joints and muscles, and ensure a longer, healthier career by minimizing physical stress.

Question 86: Which of the following describes a thin, tightly woven material, such as silk or fiberglass, that is applied to the nail with resin to add strength and durability?

Polymer powder
Monomer liquid
Fabric wrap (Correct answer)
Nail form

Correct answer: Fabric wrap

A fabric wrap is a nail enhancement that uses a piece of silk, linen, or fiberglass cut to shape and applied to the nail with resin. This technique is used to strengthen natural nails or repair cracks.

Question 87: Which of the following reference points is the widest area of the head, marking the point where the head shape begins to curve?

Parietal Ridge (Correct answer)
Apex
Occipital Bone
Nape

Correct answer: Parietal Ridge

The parietal ridge, also known as the crest area, is the widest part of the head. It's located by placing a comb flat on the side of the head; where the comb lifts away from the head is the parietal ridge. This landmark is crucial for understanding where to transition from one cutting technique to another, especially in layered or graduated cuts.

Question 88: What is the ideal temperature setting for styling tools on fine or damaged hair?

350–400°F (175–200°C)
Maximum heat setting
250–300°F (120–150°C) (Correct answer)
450°F (230°C)

Correct answer: 250–300°F (120–150°C)

Fine or damaged hair is more susceptible to heat damage, so using lower temperature settings on styling tools is crucial to prevent further breakage and dryness. Temperatures between 250–300°F (120–150°C) are generally recommended to style such hair safely while minimizing the risk of thermal damage.

Question 89: The Fitzpatrick scale is a tool used to classify a skin's likely reaction to what?

Changes in humidity
Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure (Correct answer)
Manual massage techniques
Topical product ingredients

Correct answer: Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure

The Fitzpatrick scale was developed to classify how different skin types respond to ultraviolet (UV) light, specifically their tendency to burn or tan. This information is crucial for determining a client's risk for sun damage and for performing treatments like laser and light therapy safely.

Question 90: When using shears, what is the primary purpose of the finger tang or pinky rest?

To measure the length of the hair being cut.
To adjust the tension of the blades.
To provide balance and control by giving the little finger a resting place. (Correct answer)
To help in creating texturized effects.

Correct answer: To provide balance and control by giving the little finger a resting place.

The finger tang is an extension on the handle of the shears where the stylist rests their little finger (pinky). Its function is to provide balance, stability, and control, which helps reduce hand and wrist fatigue during a haircut.

Question 91: The maintenance service to fill in the new growth of a nail enhancement is commonly called a:

Removal
Full Set
Overlay
Rebalance or Fill (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Rebalance or Fill

A rebalance, also known as a fill or a backfill, is a maintenance service performed every two to three weeks. During this service, the new nail growth at the cuticle is filled in with new product, and the entire enhancement is reshaped and rebalanced to maintain its structural integrity and appearance.

Question 92: To correct hair that has developed a greenish tint, what complementary color should be used?

Blue
Red (Correct answer)
Violet
Yellow

Correct answer: Red

According to the law of color, complementary colors neutralize each other when mixed. Red is the complementary color to green, so using a red-based color or toner will cancel out the unwanted green tones.

Question 93: During a skin analysis, a cosmetologist identifies a client with olive skin that tans easily and rarely burns. According to the Fitzpatrick scale, which skin type does this client most likely have?

Type I
Type IV (Correct answer)
Type II
Type VI

Correct answer: Type IV

The Fitzpatrick scale classifies skin based on its reaction to UV exposure. Type IV is characterized by olive or light brown skin that rarely burns and tans easily to a medium brown.

Question 94: A cosmetologist is performing a permanent wave service. What is the primary purpose of the neutralizer in this process?

To reform the disulfide bonds into their new curled shape (Correct answer)
To soften and swell the cuticle
To break the disulfide bonds
To increase the pH of the hair to an alkaline state

Correct answer: To reform the disulfide bonds into their new curled shape

After the waving lotion breaks the disulfide bonds, the neutralizer, which is an oxidizing agent (commonly hydrogen peroxide), reforms these bonds in the new shape created by the perm rod. This locks the curl into place.

Question 95: When performing a virgin lightener application, where should the product be applied first?

On the porous ends
At the scalp/new growth area
Evenly from scalp to ends simultaneously
On the mid-shaft, away from the scalp and ends (Correct answer)

Correct answer: On the mid-shaft, away from the scalp and ends

The scalp generates heat, which causes the lightener to process faster in that area. To ensure even lightening, the application should begin on the mid-shaft, leaving the scalp area and porous ends for last.

Question 96: Which skin type is characterized by a lack of oil and small, non-visible follicles (pores)?

Normal skin
Combination skin
Alipidic skin (Correct answer)
Oily skin

Correct answer: Alipidic skin

Alipidic skin, also known as dry skin, does not produce enough sebum, leading to a lack of oil. This results in a complexion that may look dull, feel tight, and have very small or invisible pores. Oily skin is the opposite, with large pores and excess sebum production.

Question 97: Which of the following hair color types does NOT require a developer and works by coating the hair's cuticle with large pigment molecules that wash out after several shampoos?

High-lift
Permanent
Demi-permanent
Semi-permanent (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Semi-permanent

Semi-permanent hair color is a non-oxidative color, meaning it is not mixed with a developer (hydrogen peroxide). Its large color molecules only coat the outer layer (cuticle) of the hair shaft and do not penetrate the cortex. This is why it gradually fades and washes out over several shampoos.

Question 98: The apex, or arch, of a nail enhancement is the area with the most strength, typically located where?

At the cuticle line
Evenly across the entire nail plate
At the very tip of the free edge
In the center of the nail (Correct answer)

Correct answer: In the center of the nail

The apex is the highest point of the nail enhancement and provides the most strength. It is strategically placed in the center of the nail, covering the stress area where the natural nail and the free edge meet. Proper placement of the apex is crucial for the durability and longevity of the enhancement.

Question 99: What is the primary purpose of a UV or LED bonding gel in a gel enhancement system?

To increase adhesion to the natural nail (Correct answer)
To cure the nail faster
To add color to the enhancement
To create a high-gloss shine

Correct answer: To increase adhesion to the natural nail

A bonding gel is a thin gel layer applied to the natural nail before the building gel. Its primary function is to increase adhesion and ensure a strong bond between the natural nail plate and the gel enhancement. This step is critical for preventing lifting and ensuring the service lasts.

Question 100: What is the average number of hairs lost per day that is considered normal for a healthy adult?

5-10 hairs
150-200 hairs
50-100 hairs (Correct answer)
25-50 hairs

Correct answer: 50-100 hairs

Shedding 50-100 hairs per day is normal and reflects the natural cycling of hair follicles through the growth phases.

Question 101: On the pH scale, a reading of 8 indicates that a solution is:

Slightly acidic
Neutral
Alkaline (Correct answer)
Highly acidic

Correct answer: Alkaline

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Any substance with a pH below 7 is considered acidic, while any substance with a pH above 7 is considered alkaline (or basic). Therefore, a pH of 8 is slightly alkaline.

Question 102: Which part of the hair structure is responsible for hair growth?

Hair shaft
Hair bulb (Correct answer)
Hair follicle
Hair cuticle

Correct answer: Hair bulb

The hair bulb is the lowest part of the hair strand, a thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the base of the hair follicle. It contains the dermal papilla, which is rich in blood vessels and nerves, supplying nutrients essential for the active growth and formation of new hair cells.

Question 103: What is the normal growth rate of human scalp hair per month?

0.5 inch (1.25 cm) (Correct answer)
1.5 inches (3.8 cm)
1 inch (2.5 cm)
0.25 inch (0.6 cm)

Correct answer: 0.5 inch (1.25 cm)

Scalp hair grows approximately 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) per month, totaling roughly 6 inches per year under normal conditions.

Question 104: Which massage movement involves light, continuous stroking movements applied in a slow, rhythmic manner?

Effleurage (Correct answer)
Tapotement
Friction
Petrissage

Correct answer: Effleurage

Effleurage is the foundational massage movement used to begin and end most massage sessions. It consists of long, gliding strokes that accustom the client to the esthetician's touch and can be used to apply product. It is known for its soothing and relaxing effects.

Question 105: Which of the following is a key principle of standard precautions?

Treating all bodily fluids as potentially infectious (Correct answer)
Only wearing gloves when visible blood is present
Using disinfectants only when needed
Treating all clients as if they are healthy

Correct answer: Treating all bodily fluids as potentially infectious

Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices used to prevent the transmission of diseases that can be acquired by contact with blood, body fluids, non-intact skin, and mucous membranes. The core principle is to assume that all bodily fluids are potentially infectious, regardless of the client's known health status, ensuring consistent safety measures.

Question 106: A stylist is working with a client who has highly porous hair due to previous chemical services. How will the hair's porosity likely affect the processing of a new color application?

The color will not penetrate the cuticle layer at all.
The hair will be resistant and take longer to absorb the color.
The processing time will be the same as for hair with normal porosity.
The color will absorb quickly but may also fade faster. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The color will absorb quickly but may also fade faster.

Highly porous hair has a raised or damaged cuticle layer, which allows it to absorb color very quickly. However, this same condition makes it difficult for the hair to retain pigment, often leading to the color fading more rapidly than it would on hair with normal or low porosity.

Question 107: Which nail art technique involves dropping beads of polish onto water and swirling them to create a design?

Sponging
Stamping
Water Marbling (Correct answer)
Airbrushing

Correct answer: Water Marbling

Water marbling is an advanced nail art technique where drops of nail polish are placed on the surface of room-temperature water. The colors are then swirled with a tool to create a marble-like pattern, and the nail is dipped into the design to transfer it onto the nail plate. It creates intricate, one-of-a-kind designs.

Question 108: What is the proper way to handle a blood exposure incident in the salon?

Stop the service, put on gloves, and follow the blood exposure procedure. (Correct answer)
Disinfect the area immediately and continue with the service.
Wash hands, stop the service, and apply a bandage.
Ask the client to reschedule.

Correct answer: Stop the service, put on gloves, and follow the blood exposure procedure.

In the event of a blood exposure, the immediate priority is to stop the service to prevent further contamination and protect both the client and the cosmetologist. Putting on gloves and following a specific blood exposure procedure is crucial for safety and infection control.

Question 109: What post-waxing care advice should be given to a client?

Avoid sun exposure and hot water for 24-48 hours (Correct answer)
Apply a heavy, oil-based lotion to the area
Go to a tanning bed to even out skin tone
Exfoliate the area immediately with a coarse scrub

Correct answer: Avoid sun exposure and hot water for 24-48 hours

After waxing, the skin is sensitive and the follicles are open, making the area susceptible to irritation and infection. Clients should be advised to avoid sun exposure, hot tubs, saunas, and harsh exfoliants for at least 24-48 hours to allow the skin to calm down and heal properly. This helps prevent adverse reactions like breakouts or hyperpigmentation.

Question 110: What is the primary function of the neutralizer in a permanent wave service?

To rebuild and reharden disulfide bonds (Correct answer)
To break disulfide bonds
To remove the waving lotion from the hair
To soften the hair's cuticle

Correct answer: To rebuild and reharden disulfide bonds

The neutralizer, typically containing hydrogen peroxide, performs two functions: it deactivates any remaining waving lotion and rebuilds the disulfide bonds into their new curled shape. This process locks the curl into place.

Milady Cosmetology State Board Written Exam

The cosmetology state board written exam, based on Milady Standard Cosmetology, covers hair care, skin care, nail care, chemistry, anatomy, infection control, and professional development.

110

Questions

90 min

Time Limit

75%

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