MES Pathophysiology & Chronic Disease Management

Question 1

Which hemoglobin A1c value is the diagnostic threshold for type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

6.5%

Answer

5.7%

Answer

6.0%

Answer

7.0%

Question 2

Which pathophysiological mechanism primarily causes hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia

Answer

Decreased cardiac output

Answer

Elevated HDL cholesterol

Answer

Reduced sympathetic nervous system tone

Question 3

A client with COPD demonstrates a barrel chest. Which structural change causes this?

Accepted Answer

Air trapping and lung hyperinflation

Answer

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer

Pleural effusion

Answer

Decreased residual volume

Question 4

Which lipid profile pattern is most associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetics?

Accepted Answer

High triglycerides, low HDL

Answer

High LDL, low triglycerides

Answer

High HDL, low LDL

Answer

Normal LDL, high HDL

Question 5

What is the primary cardiovascular adaptation that occurs in clients with chronic heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation

Answer

Decreased resting heart rate

Answer

Increased stroke volume at rest

Answer

Reduced systemic vascular resistance

Question 6

Which inflammatory marker is most commonly elevated in clients with metabolic syndrome?

Accepted Answer

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Answer

Interleukin-10

Answer

Albumin

Answer

Hemoglobin