Anatomy & Physiology for Special Populations Flashcards

Which physiological adaptation is most commonly observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes who engage in regular aerobic exercise?

Answer: Improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake

Regular aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity by increasing GLUT-4 transporter expression and enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.

In a client with osteoporosis, which type of bone loading is most osteogenic?

Answer: High-impact dynamic loading

High-impact dynamic loading generates the greatest mechanical stress on bone, stimulating osteoblast activity and promoting bone mineral density gains.

Which muscle group is most commonly weakened in individuals with chronic low back pain due to prolonged sitting?

Answer: Gluteus maximus and deep core stabilizers

Prolonged sitting causes inhibition and atrophy of the gluteus maximus and deep core stabilizers, contributing to lumbar instability.

What cardiovascular change is most characteristic of a deconditioned individual with heart failure?

Answer: Reduced stroke volume and exercise tolerance

Heart failure results in reduced stroke volume due to impaired ventricular function, leading to decreased exercise tolerance and VO2 max.

In a post-stroke client, which neurological impairment most commonly affects safe exercise participation?

Answer: Spasticity and hemiplegia on one side of the body

Stroke commonly causes unilateral spasticity and hemiplegia due to upper motor neuron damage, affecting movement control and exercise safety.

Which hormonal response is most relevant when designing exercise programs for clients with hypothyroidism?

Answer: Reduced metabolic rate affecting exercise intensity tolerance

Hypothyroidism reduces metabolic rate due to insufficient thyroid hormone, which can lower exercise tolerance and cause early fatigue.