Leadership & Management Flashcards
7 cards from real Mandela Effect Quiz practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Leadership & Management flashcards as text
Who coined the term 'Mandela effect'?
Answer: Fiona Broome
Paranormal researcher Fiona Broome coined it around 2009 after finding others shared her false memory of Mandela's death.
Which type of memory error involves filling gaps with fabricated but believed details?
Answer: Confabulation
Confabulation produces sincere but false memories without intent to deceive.
Which researcher is best known for studying the misinformation effect on eyewitness memory?
Answer: Elizabeth Loftus
Loftus showed that wording of questions can alter recalled details.
A manager believes a past project 'obviously' would fail, after seeing it fail. This is?
Answer: Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias makes outcomes appear more predictable after they are known.
Who coined the term 'groupthink', describing teams that suppress dissent to keep harmony?
Answer: Irving Janis
Irving Janis introduced groupthink in 1972 studying foreign policy failures.
Why can shared false memories spread widely within groups?
Answer: Social reinforcement makes the wrong version feel confirmed
When many people agree, confidence rises, even when the memory is inaccurate.
According to the Peter Principle, what happens in hierarchies?
Answer: Employees rise until they reach a level of incompetence
Laurence J. Peter argued people are promoted until they reach a role they cannot perform well.
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