LSIT Land Surveyor in Training Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: The relationship between geodetic height (h), orthometric height (H), and geoid undulation (N) is:

h = H + N (Correct answer)
H = h + N
N = h + H
h = H × N

Correct answer: h = H + N

Geodetic (ellipsoidal) height h equals orthometric height H plus geoid undulation N: h = H + N.

Question 2: The State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) uses which map projections?

Lambert Conformal Conic and Transverse Mercator (Correct answer)
Gnomonic and Stereographic
Albers Equal-Area and Orthographic
Mercator and Azimuthal Equidistant

Correct answer: Lambert Conformal Conic and Transverse Mercator

SPCS uses Lambert Conformal Conic for states with greater east-west extent and Transverse Mercator for states with greater north-south extent.

Question 3: Which line on a topographic map connects points of equal elevation?

An isogonic line
A gradient line
A datum line
A contour line (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A contour line

Contour lines connect all points of the same elevation above (or below) a defined datum on a topographic map.

Question 4: A vertical curve connects a +3.5% grade with a -2.5% grade. The algebraic difference of grades (A) equals:

-6.0%
-1.0%
1.0%
6.0% (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 6.0%

A = g1 - g2 = +3.5% - (-2.5%) = +6.0%, indicating a crest (sag) vertical curve.

Question 5: The combined scale factor for converting ground distances to grid distances is computed as:

Orthometric height divided by ellipsoidal height
The elevation factor multiplied by the grid (projection) scale factor (Correct answer)
The grid scale factor divided by the elevation factor
Meridian convergence multiplied by the projection distortion factor

Correct answer: The elevation factor multiplied by the grid (projection) scale factor

CSF = (elevation factor) × (grid scale factor), where the elevation factor accounts for height above the ellipsoid and the grid scale factor comes from the map projection.

Question 6: What is a total station?

Instrument combining EDM, angle measurement, and computing (Correct answer)
Weather station
Fuel station
Radio station

Correct answer: Instrument combining EDM, angle measurement, and computing

This single device does multiple measurement tasks.

Question 7: A closed traverse has 5 sides. The sum of interior angles should equal:

720°
360°
900°
540° (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 540°

Sum of interior angles = (n - 2) × 180° = (5 - 2) × 180° = 540°.

Question 8: When restoring a lost PLSS corner, surveyors must follow the rules established by:

State statutes exclusively
The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping standards
Local county recorder guidelines
The Bureau of Land Management's Manual of Surveying Instructions (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The Bureau of Land Management's Manual of Surveying Instructions

The BLM's Manual of Surveying Instructions provides the authoritative procedures for restoring and reestablishing lost PLSS corners.

Question 9: What does 'excess of sections' in the PLSS refer to?

Sections created when a township contains more than 36 sections
The assignment of fractional lots larger than quarter-sections along the north and west township boundaries (Correct answer)
Sections with more than 640 acres caused by inaccurate original surveys
Errors accumulated along the principal meridian

Correct answer: The assignment of fractional lots larger than quarter-sections along the north and west township boundaries

Excess (or deficiency) from closing errors in a township is placed in the fractional lots along the north and west boundaries of the township, following GLO instructions.

Question 10: How is the "State Plane Coordinate System" used in land surveying?

To provide a local coordinate system for accurate mapping and surveying (Correct answer)
To calculate the volume of materials for construction
To measure horizontal angles between survey points
To determine the elevation of a land parcel

Correct answer: To provide a local coordinate system for accurate mapping and surveying

The State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) is a set of geographic coordinate systems established by the National Geodetic Survey for each U.S. state. Its primary purpose in land surveying is to provide a consistent, high-accuracy, two-dimensional (northing and easting) coordinate system that minimizes distortion over smaller areas. This allows surveyors to perform precise measurements and mapping within a specific state, linking local surveys to a national geodetic framework.

Question 11: Orthometric height is defined as the:

Height determined by trigonometric leveling above a local benchmark
GPS-derived height above the WGS84 ellipsoid
Height above the geoid, measured along the plumb line direction (Correct answer)
Height above the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid used in NAD27

Correct answer: Height above the geoid, measured along the plumb line direction

Orthometric height (H) is the distance from the geoid to the point, measured along the curved plumb line, and represents the standard definition of elevation.

Question 12: What is a vertical curve?

A circular road curve
A survey error
A curve visible from above
A parabolic curve connecting two grades on a roadway profile (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A parabolic curve connecting two grades on a roadway profile

These curves provide smooth grade transitions in road design.

Question 13: The concept of 'riparian rights' is most associated with which property characteristic?

Proximity to a government survey baseline
Ownership of land abutting a body of water (Correct answer)
Rights acquired through long-term adverse use
Subsurface mineral rights

Correct answer: Ownership of land abutting a body of water

Riparian rights are the water-use and access rights held by landowners whose property borders a stream, river, or other body of water.

Question 14: How do you convert bearings to azimuths?

NE bearings equal the bearing angle; SE bearings = 180 minus bearing; SW = 180 plus bearing; NW = 360 minus bearing (Correct answer)
They are the same
Subtract 90
Multiply by 2

Correct answer: NE bearings equal the bearing angle; SE bearings = 180 minus bearing; SW = 180 plus bearing; NW = 360 minus bearing

The conversion depends on the quadrant of the bearing.

Question 15: Which legal doctrine provides that a deed recorded first in time generally prevails over a later deed from the same grantor in states without notice or race-notice statutes?

Notice doctrine
Race doctrine (pure race recording) (Correct answer)
Race-notice doctrine
Constructive notice doctrine

Correct answer: Race doctrine (pure race recording)

Under the pure race doctrine, the first party to record the deed wins regardless of their knowledge of prior conveyances, making recording speed determinative.

Question 16: A surveyor measures a slope distance of 250.00 ft at a vertical angle of +3°30'. What is the approximate horizontal distance?

250.00 ft
248.66 ft
247.11 ft
249.31 ft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 249.31 ft

Horizontal distance = slope distance × cos(vertical angle) = 250.00 × cos(3°30') ≈ 249.31 ft.

Question 17: What is RTK GNSS surveying?

A mapping software
An aerial survey method
A type of compass
Real-time kinematic positioning providing centimeter accuracy using base-rover system (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Real-time kinematic positioning providing centimeter accuracy using base-rover system

This GNSS technique achieves very high accuracy in real time.

Question 18: What is photogrammetry?

Equipment ID system
Making measurements from photographs, especially aerial, for maps and 3D models (Correct answer)
Photographing documents
Taking team photos

Correct answer: Making measurements from photographs, especially aerial, for maps and 3D models

Photographs become measurements and maps.

Question 19: What is a curve calculation in route surveying?

Calculating curvature of the earth
Bending survey instruments
Measuring curved walls
Determining elements of horizontal and vertical curves for road and railway design (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Determining elements of horizontal and vertical curves for road and railway design

Road and rail design requires precise curve geometry.

Question 20: Which boundary evidence type is generally given the LEAST weight when resolving a boundary dispute?

Calls to adjoiners
Original survey monuments
Calculated distances from mathematical closure (Correct answer)
Calls to natural features

Correct answer: Calculated distances from mathematical closure

Calculated or record distances are given the least weight in the hierarchy of deed calls, ranking below monuments, adjoiners, and natural features.

Question 21: What is the effect of atmospheric refraction on a line of sight in leveling?

It bends the line of sight downward toward Earth, causing rod readings to appear too low
It has no measurable effect at distances under 1,000 ft
It bends the line of sight upward away from Earth, causing rod readings to appear too high
It bends the line of sight upward, causing the computed elevation to be too high (Correct answer)

Correct answer: It bends the line of sight upward, causing the computed elevation to be too high

Atmospheric refraction curves the line of sight upward, making distant objects appear higher than they are, so rod readings appear smaller and computed elevations appear too high.

Question 22: What is a bearing in land surveying?

Direction as angle from north or south, measured east or west (Correct answer)
Point elevation
Weight capacity
Distance between points

Correct answer: Direction as angle from north or south, measured east or west

Bearings describe direction using cardinal reference points.

Question 23: On a land survey plat, what does 'POB' stand for?

Parcel of Bearing
Property of Boundary
Point of Beginning (Correct answer)
Plan of Boundary

Correct answer: Point of Beginning

POB stands for Point of Beginning, which is the starting and closing point of a metes-and-bounds description.

Question 24: The scale factor in a State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS) is applied to account for:

Magnetic declination corrections
Elevation differences between survey stations
Temperature effects on steel tapes
The difference between grid distances on the projection plane and geodetic distances on the ellipsoid (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The difference between grid distances on the projection plane and geodetic distances on the ellipsoid

The grid scale factor converts ellipsoidal geodetic distances to grid (plane) distances used in SPCS computations.

Question 25: A prescriptive easement differs from adverse possession primarily in that:

Prescriptive easements require a written instrument
Prescriptive easements require payment of property taxes
Prescriptive easements grant only a right to use land, not title to it (Correct answer)
Prescriptive easements can only be acquired by government entities

Correct answer: Prescriptive easements grant only a right to use land, not title to it

A prescriptive easement grants a right of use over another's land, while adverse possession transfers fee title to the claimant.

Question 26: The parallax difference method in stereophotogrammetry is used to determine:

Elevation differences between points using the change in x-parallax (Correct answer)
Horizontal distances from a single photograph
Ground control point coordinates
Camera tilt during aerial acquisition

Correct answer: Elevation differences between points using the change in x-parallax

Height differences are calculated from the difference in x-parallax between the target point and a reference point using the parallax bar formula.

Question 27: What is a coordinate transformation?

Moving physical markers
Converting positions between different coordinate systems (Correct answer)
Updating software
Changing map colors

Correct answer: Converting positions between different coordinate systems

Positions must sometimes be expressed in different reference systems.

Question 28: What is the legal acreage of a standard PLSS section?

480 acres
320 acres
1,280 acres
640 acres (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 640 acres

A standard section in the PLSS contains 640 acres, equivalent to one square mile.

Question 29: What is a benchmark?

Legal description
Permanent point of known elevation used as height reference (Correct answer)
Temporary stake
Surveying instrument

Correct answer: Permanent point of known elevation used as height reference

These reference points have precisely known heights.

Question 30: What are control surveys?

Establishing precisely located reference point networks for detailed surveys (Correct answer)
Controlling site access
Controlling budget
Managing personnel

Correct answer: Establishing precisely located reference point networks for detailed surveys

These create the reference framework for other surveys.

Question 31: What is differential leveling?

Soil testing
Property boundaries
Measuring horizontal distances
Determining elevation differences using backsight/foresight readings (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Determining elevation differences using backsight/foresight readings

This technique finds height differences between points.

Question 32: A 'color of title' claim in adverse possession refers to:

Any claim supported by a valid, unrecorded deed
A written instrument that appears to convey title but is defective in some legal respect (Correct answer)
A title insurance policy held by the claimant
A verbal agreement that gives the appearance of ownership

Correct answer: A written instrument that appears to convey title but is defective in some legal respect

Color of title is a document that appears to transfer ownership but has some legal defect, such as a flawed deed, that prevents it from being fully effective.

Question 33: What is the radius of curvature in route surveying?

The earths radius
The radius of the circle that defines a horizontal curve (Correct answer)
The lens curvature of survey instruments
The curvature of contour lines

Correct answer: The radius of the circle that defines a horizontal curve

Road curves are defined by the radius of an imaginary circle.

Question 34: What is a surveyors certification stamp?

Authentication that survey was done by licensed professional meeting standards (Correct answer)
Equipment calibration
Making maps look official
Insurance requirement

Correct answer: Authentication that survey was done by licensed professional meeting standards

This mark certifies professional quality.

Question 35: Difference between accuracy and precision?

Identical concepts
Accuracy: closeness to true value; Precision: consistency of measurements (Correct answer)
Accuracy is speed
Precision always more important

Correct answer: Accuracy: closeness to true value; Precision: consistency of measurements

One measures correctness, the other consistency.

Question 36: A 'gore' in land surveying refers to:

A discrepancy in deed bearing versus measured bearing
An overlap between two adjacent parcels
A type of easement running along a road
A triangular or irregular strip of land left unintentionally between two surveys (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A triangular or irregular strip of land left unintentionally between two surveys

A gore is a thin, often triangular strip of land inadvertently omitted between two surveys or conveyances.

Question 37: What is the method of least squares?

Measuring smallest areas
Minimizing sum of squared residuals to find best-fit survey values (Correct answer)
Finding shortest distance
Reducing measurements needed

Correct answer: Minimizing sum of squared residuals to find best-fit survey values

This optimally distributes errors across all measurements.

Question 38: What is the law of cosines used for in surveying?

Only right triangles
Only for area calculation
Only for bearing conversion
Solving triangles when you know two sides and the included angle or three sides (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Solving triangles when you know two sides and the included angle or three sides

This law works for any triangle, not just right triangles.

Question 39: What is a plat map?

Contour map
Soil map
Scaled diagram of land divided into lots, blocks, streets (Correct answer)
Topographic map

Correct answer: Scaled diagram of land divided into lots, blocks, streets

This map shows subdivision of land into parcels.

Question 40: In reading a topographic map, what does the contour interval represent?

The distance between two points measured horizontally
The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines (Correct answer)
The scale ratio of the map
The horizontal distance between two contour lines

Correct answer: The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines

On a topographic map, contour lines connect points of equal elevation. The contour interval represents the constant vertical difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines. This value is essential for understanding the steepness and overall shape of the terrain depicted on the map, allowing users to visualize changes in altitude.

Question 41: A surveyor learns confidential information about a client's land during a project. The client's competitor later hires the surveyor and asks about the first client's boundary situation. What should the surveyor do?

Disclose the information to the new client as part of due diligence
Share the information since it is related to land, which is public record
Require the new client to sign a waiver before sharing
Maintain confidentiality and decline to disclose the prior client's information (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Maintain confidentiality and decline to disclose the prior client's information

Surveyors have an ethical duty of confidentiality to clients; information obtained during a professional relationship must not be disclosed without consent.

Question 42: When a surveyor sets an azimuth from a sun observation, what correction accounts for the angular radius of the sun's disk?

Declination correction
Semi-diameter correction (Correct answer)
Refraction correction
Parallax correction

Correct answer: Semi-diameter correction

The semi-diameter correction adjusts for the fact that the observed limb (edge) of the sun is offset from its center by approximately 16 arcminutes, the sun's semi-diameter.

Question 43: What is a topographic survey?

Determines positions and elevations of features to create contour maps (Correct answer)
Building interior survey
Underground utility survey
Boundary-only survey

Correct answer: Determines positions and elevations of features to create contour maps

This survey captures the shape of the land and features.

Question 44: In differential leveling, what is the formula for the elevation of a new point?

Elevation = HI + Foresight
Elevation = HI − Foresight (Correct answer)
Elevation = Backsight + Foresight
Elevation = Backsight − HI

Correct answer: Elevation = HI − Foresight

The new elevation equals the Height of Instrument (HI) minus the foresight rod reading: Elev = HI − FS.

Question 45: What is construction staking?

Recording corners
Removing old markers
Measuring structures
Placing stakes on ground to guide construction per design plans (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Placing stakes on ground to guide construction per design plans

Design plans are transferred to the actual ground.

Question 46: Which map projection preserves true directions from a central point, making it useful for navigation charts?

Albers Equal-Area Conic
Mercator
Lambert Conformal Conic
Gnomonic (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Gnomonic

The Gnomonic projection is the only projection on which all great circles appear as straight lines, making directions from the center true.

Question 47: What is adverse possession?

Auction purchase
Extended rental
Inheritance
Gaining title through continuous, open, notorious, hostile, exclusive possession (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Gaining title through continuous, open, notorious, hostile, exclusive possession

Long-term unauthorized occupation can transfer ownership.

Question 48: How are horizontal distances from slope distances calculated?

Multiply slope distance by cosine of vertical angle (Correct answer)
Subtract slope angle
Add elevation difference
Divide by vertical angle

Correct answer: Multiply slope distance by cosine of vertical angle

Trigonometry converts slope to horizontal measurement.

Question 49: What is bearing-bearing intersection?

Meeting of two roads
Two compass readings averaged
A type of benchmark
Finding a point location from bearings observed from two known points (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Finding a point location from bearings observed from two known points

Two directional observations from known points locate an unknown point.

Question 50: Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a licensed surveyor performing a site survey for a commercial facility may be required to identify:

Slopes, cross-slopes, and accessible route grades that affect ADA compliance (Correct answer)
Square footage of parking spaces reserved for management
The number of employees with disabilities at the facility
The age of the building's original construction permit

Correct answer: Slopes, cross-slopes, and accessible route grades that affect ADA compliance

ADA compliance for accessible routes depends on precise slope measurements, which fall within the surveyor's scope when performing site surveys for commercial properties.

Question 51: Which of the following constitutes an 'encumbrance' on real property that a surveyor may be expected to locate and show on a survey plat?

The owner's homeowner's insurance policy
State income tax obligations of the owner
The property owner's mortgage balance
A utility easement crossing the parcel (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A utility easement crossing the parcel

Utility easements are encumbrances — rights held by others that burden the property — and surveyors are typically required to locate and depict them on survey plats.

Question 52: A surveyor discovers human remains while conducting fieldwork. What is the appropriate immediate action under federal and most state laws?

Continue work and report the find at the end of the project
Document the location and report only to the client
Remove and rebury the remains to avoid project delays
Stop work immediately and notify local law enforcement and, if applicable, tribal authorities (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Stop work immediately and notify local law enforcement and, if applicable, tribal authorities

Discovery of human remains requires immediate cessation of work and notification of law enforcement; federal law (NAGPRA) may also require tribal consultation for Native American remains.

Question 53: A surveyor is asked to certify that a building complies with a setback requirement, but field measurements show a slight encroachment. The client asks the surveyor to 'round' the measurement to show compliance. The surveyor should:

Round the measurement if the error is within typical survey tolerance
Refuse to falsify findings and accurately report the encroachment (Correct answer)
Seek a second opinion from another surveyor before reporting
Report the encroachment only on an internal memo and certify compliance publicly

Correct answer: Refuse to falsify findings and accurately report the encroachment

Falsifying or manipulating survey data to achieve a desired result violates professional ethics codes and potentially constitutes fraud.

Question 54: What is the PLSS?

System dividing land into townships, sections, quarter sections from meridians and baselines (Correct answer)
A GPS system
Only for rectangular properties
System for rectangular buildings

Correct answer: System dividing land into townships, sections, quarter sections from meridians and baselines

A grid system divides land into progressively smaller units.

Question 55: Geodetic vs plane surveying?

Same thing
Geodetic accounts for earth curvature; plane treats surface as flat (Correct answer)
Geodetic only for aviation
Plane is more accurate

Correct answer: Geodetic accounts for earth curvature; plane treats surface as flat

The key difference is whether earths curvature matters.

Question 56: A surveyor is retained by an attorney to perform a survey for litigation. The attorney instructs the surveyor to reach a specific conclusion that supports their client's case. The surveyor should:

Comply since the attorney is the client and controls the engagement
Perform the survey to reach the attorney's desired conclusion but note the instruction in the file
Decline the project since litigation surveys are outside the scope of licensure
Perform an objective, independent survey and report honest findings regardless of outcome (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Perform an objective, independent survey and report honest findings regardless of outcome

A surveyor retained as an expert must provide objective, unbiased professional opinion; shading conclusions to favor a retaining party violates professional ethics and undermines court proceedings.

Question 57: The difference between ellipsoidal height (h) and orthometric height (H) is called:

Deflection of the vertical
Scale factor
Geoid undulation (N) (Correct answer)
Meridian convergence

Correct answer: Geoid undulation (N)

Geoid undulation (N) is the signed vertical distance between the ellipsoid and the geoid at a given point, expressed as h = H + N.

Question 58: A benchmark is best defined as:

A temporary reference point used during construction surveys
A horizontal control monument established by GPS observations
A point with known latitude and longitude for horizontal control
A permanent marked point with a known elevation referenced to a vertical datum (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A permanent marked point with a known elevation referenced to a vertical datum

A benchmark is a permanent, stable monument with a known elevation referenced to a vertical datum such as NAVD 88.

Question 59: What is a legal description of property?

Property photograph
Written description uniquely identifying land using metes/bounds, lot/block, or rectangular survey (Correct answer)
Verbal description
Property address

Correct answer: Written description uniquely identifying land using metes/bounds, lot/block, or rectangular survey

Standardized systems uniquely define property boundaries.

Question 60: The professional obligation to keep current with changes in surveying technology, legal standards, and best practices is known as:

Continuing professional competence or continuing education (Correct answer)
Professional indemnification
Reciprocal licensure
Mandatory arbitration

Correct answer: Continuing professional competence or continuing education

Most state licensing boards require surveyors to complete continuing education (CE) credits to maintain licensure, reflecting the obligation to stay current in the profession.

Question 61: What is the purpose of using "scale" on a map?

To provide information on the historical use of the land
To represent the proportion of distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground (Correct answer)
To illustrate the types of soil present in the surveyed area
To show the geographical distribution of population

Correct answer: To represent the proportion of distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground

The scale on a map is fundamental for accurately interpreting distances and sizes. It establishes the precise ratio between a unit of measurement on the map and the corresponding actual distance on the ground. This allows users to calculate real-world distances and dimensions from measurements taken directly off the map, ensuring accurate spatial understanding.

Question 62: In LiDAR surveys, the point density is most directly controlled by:

The wavelength of the laser
Receiver GPS update rate only
Pulse repetition frequency, scan angle, and aircraft speed and altitude (Correct answer)
Number of return pulses per shot

Correct answer: Pulse repetition frequency, scan angle, and aircraft speed and altitude

Point density is a function of pulse repetition rate, scan angle width, aircraft speed, and flying height — all adjustable mission parameters.

Question 63: Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinates represent positions as:

State Plane Coordinates on a flat projection surface
Geographic coordinates (latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height)
Geodetic coordinates referenced to a local datum origin
3D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) with origin at Earth's center of mass (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 3D Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) with origin at Earth's center of mass

ECEF is a 3D Cartesian system whose X, Y, and Z axes originate at Earth's center of mass, with the Z-axis directed toward the North Pole.

Question 64: Under which scenario is a surveyor most likely to face a claim of professional negligence?

Failing to locate an existing easement that was visible in public records (Correct answer)
Completing a survey faster than the industry average
Charging a fee higher than a competitor's rate
Using GPS equipment instead of traditional total station instruments

Correct answer: Failing to locate an existing easement that was visible in public records

Failing to research and report on encumbrances such as easements that are discoverable in public records falls below the standard of care and can constitute professional negligence.

Question 65: What is the primary purpose of a "land surveyor's report"?

To document the results of a survey, including measurements, observations, and findings (Correct answer)
To offer recommendations for property development
To analyze historical land use and zoning regulations
To provide a financial appraisal of the property

Correct answer: To document the results of a survey, including measurements, observations, and findings

A land surveyor's report is a formal document that comprehensively details the entire survey process and its outcomes. It includes crucial information such as the purpose of the survey, methods used, equipment employed, all collected measurements, observations made on site, and the surveyor's professional findings and conclusions regarding boundaries, easements, or other property features. This report serves as a legal record and a clear communication tool for clients and other stakeholders.

Question 66: What is a traverse?

Connected series of lines with measured angles and distances (Correct answer)
Legal boundary
Elevation method
Surveying instrument

Correct answer: Connected series of lines with measured angles and distances

This creates a framework through connected measurements.

Question 67: Which vertical datum is the official vertical datum for the contiguous United States?

NAVD 88 (Correct answer)
GRS80
NGVD29
WGS84

Correct answer: NAVD 88

NAVD 88 (North American Vertical Datum of 1988) replaced NGVD29 as the official vertical datum for the contiguous United States.

Question 68: A surveyor uses a total station that measures slope distance as 487.34 ft at a vertical angle of +5°22'. The horizontal distance is approximately:

489.18 ft
485.51 ft (Correct answer)
487.34 ft
483.67 ft

Correct answer: 485.51 ft

HD = SD × cos(vertical angle) = 487.34 × cos(5°22') = 487.34 × 0.9956 ≈ 485.51 ft.

Question 69: What is an inverse calculation in surveying?

Computing bearing and distance between two known coordinate points (Correct answer)
Undoing a measurement
Calculating the opposite of a result
Reversing a survey

Correct answer: Computing bearing and distance between two known coordinate points

Known coordinates yield the direction and distance between them.

Question 70: What is the primary purpose of using trigonometry in land surveying?

To determine distances and angles between points (Correct answer)
To measure soil composition
To analyze the weather conditions
To calculate the cost of construction materials

Correct answer: To determine distances and angles between points

Trigonometry is fundamental to land surveying because it provides the mathematical tools to calculate unknown distances, angles, and elevations from known measurements. Surveyors use trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent) to solve triangles formed by survey points, allowing them to precisely determine the relative positions of features on the Earth's surface. This is essential for mapping, boundary determination, and construction layout.

Question 71: What does a 'match line' on a large-scale plan set indicate?

Where the drawing continues on another sheet (Correct answer)
Where two different property surveys overlap
The boundary between two different zoning districts
The line along which cut and fill volumes are equal

Correct answer: Where the drawing continues on another sheet

A match line shows where a large plan is split across multiple sheets, with the drawing continuing at the same location on the referenced sheet.

Question 72: Under common law, a landowner who conveys a parcel by a deed with a specific description generally cannot later convey overlapping land to another party because of the principle known as:

Riparian rights
Dominant tenement
Estoppel by deed (Correct answer)
Adverse possession

Correct answer: Estoppel by deed

Estoppel by deed prevents a grantor from claiming rights in property they have already conveyed to another.

Question 73: When interpreting a cross-section drawing on a road design plan, the 'template' refers to what?

The plan view layout of the road
The standard transverse shape of the roadway including lanes, shoulders, and slopes (Correct answer)
The vertical alignment profile
The drainage pipe sizing chart

Correct answer: The standard transverse shape of the roadway including lanes, shoulders, and slopes

A road template defines the cross-sectional geometry including lane widths, shoulder widths, and cut/fill side slopes.

Question 74: What is an azimuth?

Ground slope
Horizontal angle measured clockwise from north, 0-360 degrees (Correct answer)
Foundation depth
Vertical angle

Correct answer: Horizontal angle measured clockwise from north, 0-360 degrees

This goes completely around the compass from north.

Question 75: GEOID models such as GEOID18 are used to:

Convert grid azimuths to geodetic azimuths
Transform State Plane Coordinates to geographic latitude and longitude
Convert NAD27 horizontal coordinates to NAD83 coordinates
Convert GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights to orthometric (NAVD 88) heights (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Convert GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights to orthometric (NAVD 88) heights

GEOID18 provides geoid undulation (N) values across the U.S., enabling surveyors to derive NAVD 88 orthometric heights from GPS ellipsoidal heights using H = h − N.

Question 76: In GPS surveying, PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) primarily reflects:

Receiver clock bias
Multipath error magnitude
The geometric strength of the satellite configuration (Correct answer)
Atmospheric delay in signal transmission

Correct answer: The geometric strength of the satellite configuration

PDOP quantifies how satellite geometry amplifies ranging errors — a low PDOP means satellites are well spread out and positional accuracy is better.

Question 77: NAD 27 was based on which reference ellipsoid?

GRS80
Clarke 1866 (Correct answer)
International 1924
WGS84

Correct answer: Clarke 1866

NAD27 used the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid with its origin fixed at Meades Ranch, Kansas.

Question 78: On a USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle map, what does the primary contour interval typically represent in moderate terrain?

40 feet (Correct answer)
10 feet
20 feet
5 feet

Correct answer: 40 feet

USGS 7.5-minute quads in moderate terrain commonly use a 40-foot contour interval, though this varies by terrain steepness.

Question 79: A 'double proportionate measurement' in PLSS is used to restore which type of corner?

Quarter-section corner on a township line
Section corner common to four townships
Standard corner on a base line
Interior quarter-section corner (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Interior quarter-section corner

Double proportionate measurement applies to lost interior quarter-section corners, distributing error both east-west and north-south from the controlling corners.

Question 80: In a closed traverse, the angular closure error is distributed by the Compass Rule. What does this rule assume?

All angles are equally reliable
Errors are proportional to the length of each course (Correct answer)
The traverse starts and ends at the same point
Errors are proportional to the latitude and departure of each course

Correct answer: Errors are proportional to the length of each course

The Compass Rule (Bowditch Rule) distributes closure error in proportion to each course's length relative to the total traverse length.

Question 81: On a utility plan, the abbreviation 'INV EL' next to a pipe symbol refers to what?

Interior vent elevation
Inlet valve elevation
Invert elevation of the pipe (Correct answer)
Inverted elevation datum

Correct answer: Invert elevation of the pipe

INV EL denotes the invert elevation, which is the inside bottom elevation of a pipe or culvert at a given point.

Question 82: What is the formula for slope distance to horizontal distance?

HD = SD × cos(vertical angle) (Correct answer)
HD = SD / 2
HD = SD × sin(vertical angle)
HD = SD + elevation

Correct answer: HD = SD × cos(vertical angle)

Cosine of the vertical angle converts slope to horizontal.

Question 83: What is GPS/GNSS surveying?

Aerial photography
Ground-based radio
Compass navigation
Using satellite signals for precise 3D positions on earth (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Using satellite signals for precise 3D positions on earth

Satellites provide precise positioning from space.

Question 84: When a surveyor is hired by both a buyer and seller in the same transaction, what ethical step is MOST important?

Proceed normally since both parties benefit from an accurate survey
Charge double the normal fee to compensate for the conflict
Decline the project since dual representation is always prohibited
Obtain written informed consent from both parties disclosing the dual engagement (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Obtain written informed consent from both parties disclosing the dual engagement

Dual engagements require full disclosure and written informed consent from all parties; without this, a surveyor faces an unmanaged conflict of interest.

Question 85: Which of the following is a common method for converting between different coordinate systems?

Applying transformation equations and parameters (Correct answer)
Using a clinometer
Using a GPS receiver
Measuring angles with a theodolite

Correct answer: Applying transformation equations and parameters

Converting between different coordinate systems (e.g., from a local grid to a state plane system, or between different datums) requires the use of specific mathematical transformation equations. These equations incorporate parameters that account for differences in origin, orientation, scale, and datum between the systems. Surveyors use these precise transformations to accurately translate coordinates from one system to another, ensuring consistency and compatibility of spatial data.

Question 86: What does the term 'closure error' refer to when checking a traverse on a plan?

The error in reading a contour interval
The discrepancy between the computed start and end coordinates when traversing a closed polygon (Correct answer)
The angular error introduced by magnetic declination
The difference between grid and ground distances

Correct answer: The discrepancy between the computed start and end coordinates when traversing a closed polygon

Closure error is the distance between the computed end point and the known start point of a closed traverse, indicating accumulated measurement errors.

Question 87: The standard deviation of a single measurement where n repeated observations have a standard deviation of the mean (σm) is:

σ = σm / √n
σ = σm²
σ = σm × n
σ = σm × √n (Correct answer)

Correct answer: σ = σm × √n

The standard deviation of a single observation σ = σm × √n, because the mean is more precise than any individual measurement by a factor of √n.

Question 88: When performing a traverse survey, why is it important to close the traverse loop?

To measure the volume of earth moved
To calculate the total area of the surveyed land
To ensure that all measurements are taken at equal intervals
To confirm the accuracy of the measurements by ensuring that the starting and ending points match (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To confirm the accuracy of the measurements by ensuring that the starting and ending points match

Closing a traverse loop means that the survey measurements return to the starting point or connect to another known control point. This closure allows surveyors to calculate the misclosure, which indicates the overall error in the angular and linear measurements. By analyzing and adjusting this misclosure, the accuracy and precision of the entire survey can be confirmed and improved.

Question 89: What is error of closure?

Completion time
Discrepancy between calculated end position and known start of closed traverse (Correct answer)
Survey cost
Final measurement

Correct answer: Discrepancy between calculated end position and known start of closed traverse

This measures how well the survey returns to its starting point.

Question 90: What ethical obligations do surveyors have?

Competence, integrity, honesty, serving public interest (Correct answer)
Agree with all client requests
Maximize profit
Follow most recent survey only

Correct answer: Competence, integrity, honesty, serving public interest

Professional obligations prioritize public interest.

Question 91: What is the coordinate method for area?

Using boundary point coordinates with cross-multiplication formula (Correct answer)
Grid square counting
Walking the perimeter
Aerial photo estimation

Correct answer: Using boundary point coordinates with cross-multiplication formula

Mathematical formulas provide precise area from coordinates.

Question 92: When reading a cadastral map, what does the term "parcel" refer to?

A small section of a larger property that is intended for agricultural use
A historical boundary line that is no longer in use
A unit of land that has been surveyed and mapped, often for legal or ownership purposes (Correct answer)
A geographic feature such as a river or mountain

Correct answer: A unit of land that has been surveyed and mapped, often for legal or ownership purposes

On a cadastral map, which focuses on property boundaries and ownership, a 'parcel' refers to a distinct unit of land. This unit is typically defined by its legal description, ownership, and boundaries as determined by a survey. Cadastral maps and parcels are fundamental for property management, taxation, and legal transactions related to land.

Question 93: In the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system, each zone spans how many degrees of longitude?

9°
3°
12°
6° (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 6°

The UTM system divides the world into 60 zones, each spanning 6° of longitude, for a total coverage of 360°.

Question 94: What trigonometric function relates opposite side to hypotenuse?

Tangent
Cotangent
Cosine
Sine (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Sine

Sine = opposite / hypotenuse in a right triangle.

Question 95: The combined scale factor (CSF) in grid surveying accounts for:

The deflection of the vertical at a survey station
The ratio of grid distance to ground distance at a given location (Correct answer)
The angular difference between grid north and geodetic north
The conversion factor between NAD27 and NAD83 coordinates

Correct answer: The ratio of grid distance to ground distance at a given location

The CSF converts ground distances to grid distances (or vice versa) by combining the map projection scale factor and the elevation factor.

Question 96: The GRS80 ellipsoid, the basis of NAD83, is primarily defined by:

Semi-major axis (a) and inverse flattening (1/f) (Correct answer)
Center of mass and angular velocity only
Geographic center and polar radius
Semi-minor axis and eccentricity

Correct answer: Semi-major axis (a) and inverse flattening (1/f)

GRS80 is defined by its semi-major axis (a = 6,378,137 m) and inverse flattening (1/f = 298.257222101), from which all other geometric parameters are derived.

Question 97: The Federal Fair Housing Act has implications for surveyors when they are asked to:

Determine property corner depth below frost line
Follow state licensing renewal requirements
Use metric units instead of U.S. customary units
Calculate lot areas in minority neighborhoods differently than in majority-white neighborhoods (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Calculate lot areas in minority neighborhoods differently than in majority-white neighborhoods

Applying different survey standards or refusing service based on neighborhood demographics would constitute discrimination prohibited by the Fair Housing Act.

Question 98: The term 'Normal Section' in geodetic surveying refers to:

A cross-section perpendicular to a survey baseline
A section taken at right angles to contour lines
The average of forward and back azimuths
A plane containing the normal to the ellipsoid at one station and passing through another station (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A plane containing the normal to the ellipsoid at one station and passing through another station

A normal section is formed by the plane containing the ellipsoidal normal at one end of a line and passing through the other end.

Question 99: In a boundary survey, what is the purpose of conducting a "title search"?

To measure the current land elevation
To find historical records and legal descriptions of property boundaries (Correct answer)
To analyze the soil composition for construction purposes
To determine the geographical features of the land

Correct answer: To find historical records and legal descriptions of property boundaries

A title search is a crucial step in a boundary survey, involving a thorough examination of public records. Its purpose is to uncover the chain of ownership, easements, and most importantly, the legal descriptions and historical documents that define the precise limits of a property. This research helps the surveyor accurately re-establish and confirm the property lines according to legal documentation.

Question 100: Which of the following is a common method for measuring horizontal angles in land surveying?

Using a GPS receiver
Using a theodolite or total station (Correct answer)
Using a leveling instrument
Using a clinometer

Correct answer: Using a theodolite or total station

Theodolites and total stations are specialized optical instruments designed for precise measurement of angles in surveying. A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles, while a total station integrates this with electronic distance measurement. These instruments provide the high accuracy required for establishing control points and mapping features in land surveying.

Question 101: What is coordinate geometry (COGO)?

A computer brand
Mathematical computation of coordinates, areas, distances, and directions from survey data (Correct answer)
A type of GPS
A drafting tool

Correct answer: Mathematical computation of coordinates, areas, distances, and directions from survey data

Mathematical computations from survey data produce coordinates.

Question 102: When a deed calls for a distance 'more or less,' this language generally indicates:

The distance is approximate and monuments control over the stated distance (Correct answer)
The surveyor may ignore that line entirely
The grantee receives less land than described
The grantor retains ownership of any excess land

Correct answer: The distance is approximate and monuments control over the stated distance

The phrase 'more or less' signals that the distance is approximate, reinforcing the rule that monuments control over conflicting distances.

Question 103: In GNSS surveying, what does PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) measure?

The time error between receiver and satellite clock
The strength of the satellite signal
The number of satellites visible above the horizon
The combined geometric effect of satellite distribution on 3D position accuracy (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The combined geometric effect of satellite distribution on 3D position accuracy

PDOP quantifies how satellite geometry affects 3D position error; a low PDOP (≤3) indicates good geometry and better positional accuracy.

Question 104: What is EDM?

Angle-only method
Software program
GPS receiver type
Technology using electromagnetic waves to measure distances accurately (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Technology using electromagnetic waves to measure distances accurately

Electromagnetic waves determine distance between points.

Question 105: What are CE requirements for licensed surveyors?

One course per career
First year only
None required
Specified hours per renewal period to maintain competency (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Specified hours per renewal period to maintain competency

Ongoing education maintains the license.

Question 106: In a vertical curve design, what is the 'K-value'?

The algebraic difference in grades (A)
The length of curve divided by the algebraic difference in grades (L/A) (Correct answer)
The rate of grade change per station
The sight distance measured along the curve

Correct answer: The length of curve divided by the algebraic difference in grades (L/A)

K = L/A, where L is the curve length in feet and A is the absolute algebraic difference in grades (%); K indicates how gradually the grade changes.

Question 107: How is area calculated using the coordinate method?

Length times width only
Sum of cross products of coordinates divided by 2 (Correct answer)
Measuring with a ruler on a map
Counting grid squares

Correct answer: Sum of cross products of coordinates divided by 2

Cross-multiplication of coordinates produces precise area.

Question 108: A traverse has a departure closure error of +0.42 ft and a latitude closure error of -0.56 ft. What is the linear closure error?

0.14 ft
0.49 ft
0.70 ft (Correct answer)
0.98 ft

Correct answer: 0.70 ft

Linear closure = √(0.42² + 0.56²) = √(0.1764 + 0.3136) = √0.49 = 0.70 ft.

Question 109: What is a monument in surveying?

Physical marker at a survey point to permanently mark location (Correct answer)
Mathematical point only
Historical building
Surveying instrument

Correct answer: Physical marker at a survey point to permanently mark location

These physical objects mark important points on the ground.

LSIT Land Surveyor in Training Exam

The LSIT Land Surveyor in Training Exam assesses competency in surveying fundamentals, measurement technology, legal and boundary principles, mathematics for surveying, geomatics, legal and ethical issues, plan and map reading, and surveying principles and practices.

110

Questions

240 min

Time Limit

70%

To Pass

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