Human Growth and Development Flashcards

A teacher gives a child just enough help to solve a problem the child could not solve alone, then gradually pulls back. Vygotsky would call this support:

Answer: Scaffolding

Scaffolding is temporary support within the zone of proximal development that is gradually withdrawn as the child gains skill.

A 14-year-old says stealing is wrong 'because good kids follow the rules and people would think badly of me.' Which Kohlberg level does this reflect?

Answer: Conventional

Conventional reasoning centers on social approval and keeping rules, as in the 'good boy/good girl' orientation.

Which parenting style, high in both warmth and reasonable control, is most consistently linked to positive child outcomes in Baumrind's research?

Answer: Authoritative

Authoritative parents combine responsiveness with clear expectations, which predicts competence and self-regulation.

A 13-year-old refuses to go to school because a small pimple means 'everyone will stare at me all day.' This is an example of:

Answer: Imaginary audience

Elkind's imaginary audience is the adolescent belief that others are constantly watching and judging them.

A 17-year-old plans to become a doctor only because his parents expect it, and he has never considered other options. Marcia would classify his identity status as:

Answer: Foreclosure

Foreclosure is commitment without exploration, often to goals set by parents.

A child now understands that pouring water into a taller, thinner glass does not change how much water there is. This child is most likely in Piaget's:

Answer: Concrete operational stage

Mastering conservation is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage, about ages 7 to 11.

According to Erikson, the main psychosocial task for children about ages 6 to 12 is:

Answer: Industry vs. inferiority

School-age children build a sense of competence through mastering skills, or feel inferior if they repeatedly fail.