Biology: Cell Processes/Transport Flashcards

During alcoholic fermentation in yeast, glucose is ultimately converted into which two products?

Answer: Ethanol and CO2

In alcoholic fermentation, yeast converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide while regenerating NAD+ to sustain glycolysis.

A substance moves from an area of LOW concentration to HIGH concentration across a cell membrane. This process is BEST described as:

Answer: Active transport

Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient (low to high), which requires the expenditure of ATP energy.

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the MOST ATP per glucose molecule?

Answer: Electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation produce approximately 32–34 of the total 36–38 ATP molecules from one glucose.

Endocytosis and exocytosis both involve which cellular structure forming vesicles?

Answer: The cell membrane

Both endocytosis (engulfing materials) and exocytosis (secreting materials) involve the cell membrane forming or fusing with membrane-bound vesicles.

Which best explains why oxygen is essential for aerobic cellular respiration but not for fermentation?

Answer: Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain; without it, the chain halts and the cell must rely on fermentation to regenerate NAD+.

When a cell engulfs a large particle by wrapping its membrane around it, this process is specifically called:

Answer: Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis ('cell eating') is the process where a cell extends pseudopods to engulf large solid particles, forming a phagosome.

In a concentration gradient experiment, dye molecules spread evenly throughout a container of water over time. This BEST demonstrates:

Answer: Diffusion

Diffusion is the spontaneous net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.