IBCLC Maternal and Infant Pathology 2

Question 1

A breastfeeding mother presents with a red, wedge-shaped area on her breast, fever of 38.5C, and flu-like symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Lactational mastitis

Answer

Engorgement

Answer

Breast abscess

Answer

Inflammatory breast cancer

Question 2

An infant is diagnosed with ankyloglossia (tongue-tie). Which assessment tool is commonly used to evaluate its impact on breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

The Hazelbaker Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function (HATLFF)

Answer

The Apgar score

Answer

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Answer

The LATCH scoring system alone

Question 3

A mother with HIV infection in a high-income country asks about breastfeeding. What is the current recommendation?

Accepted Answer

In high-income countries, formula feeding is generally recommended to eliminate the risk of HIV transmission through breast milk

Answer

Breastfeeding is always recommended regardless of HIV status

Answer

Breastfeeding is safe if the mother is on antiretroviral therapy regardless of the setting

Answer

The mother should breastfeed but only for the first month

Question 4

What is the most common cause of neonatal jaundice in the first week, and how should breastfeeding be managed?

Accepted Answer

Physiological jaundice exacerbated by insufficient breastfeeding; increase breastfeeding frequency

Answer

Breast milk jaundice requiring breastfeeding cessation

Answer

Blood group incompatibility requiring formula supplementation

Answer

Liver disease contraindicating breastfeeding

Question 5

A mother develops Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple with severe blanching and pain after breastfeeding. What is the pathophysiology?

Accepted Answer

Vasospasm of the nipple blood vessels in response to cold or compression, causing ischemia and pain

Answer

Infection of the nipple causing inflammation

Answer

Allergic reaction to infant saliva

Answer

Nerve damage from poor latch

Question 6

An infant with Pierre Robin sequence is having difficulty breastfeeding. What are the primary anatomical features that complicate feeding?

Accepted Answer

Micrognathia (small jaw), glossoptosis (posterior displacement of the tongue), and often a U-shaped cleft palate

Answer

Cleft lip only

Answer

Macroglossia (enlarged tongue)

Answer

Bilateral choanal atresia