Pathological Changes Flashcards
7 cards from real Histology Certification practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Pathological Changes flashcards as text
In amyloidosis, the Congo Red stain under polarized light produces which characteristic appearance?
Answer: Apple-green birefringence
Congo Red-stained amyloid deposits show apple-green birefringence under polarized light due to the cross-beta-pleated sheet protein configuration.
Cloudy swelling (hydropic degeneration) at the ultrastructural level corresponds to swelling of which organelle?
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
Early reversible cell injury causes failure of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump, leading to intracellular Na+ and water accumulation, predominantly swelling the ER and mitochondria.
Councilman bodies (acidophilic bodies) seen in viral hepatitis represent which process?
Answer: Apoptosis of individual hepatocytes
Councilman bodies are eosinophilic remnants of hepatocytes that have undergone apoptosis, often from immune-mediated killing in viral hepatitis.
Which term describes the pathological accumulation of glycogen in the nuclei of hepatocytes, classically seen in diabetes mellitus?
Answer: Nuclear glycogenation
Nuclear glycogenation (nuclear glycogen accumulation) produces clear, empty-appearing hepatocyte nuclei on H&E and is a common incidental finding in diabetic patients.
Lipofuscin, an indicator of cellular aging and oxidative stress, appears histologically as:
Answer: Fine yellow-brown granules in the cytoplasm
Lipofuscin ('wear-and-tear pigment') accumulates as indigestible oxidized lipid-protein complexes in secondary lysosomes, appearing as fine yellow-brown cytoplasmic granules.
Hyaline degeneration of arterial walls (hyaline arteriolosclerosis) is most commonly associated with which systemic condition?
Answer: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, caused by plasma protein insudation and smooth muscle basement membrane thickening, is characteristic of benign hypertension and diabetes.
Which of the following best describes the histological appearance of a tissue infarct after 24–48 hours in the myocardium?
Answer: Preserved ghost outlines of myocytes with pyknotic/karyorrhectic nuclei and early neutrophil infiltration
By 24–48 hours, coagulative necrosis is established in myocardial infarction: myocyte architecture is preserved but nuclei show pyknosis/karyorrhexis and neutrophils begin to infiltrate.