Histology Certification Pathological Changes 4

Question 1

Which pattern of apoptosis is characterized by caspase activation, DNA laddering, and phagocytosis without inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways share these terminal features

Answer

Extrinsic (death receptor) pathway only

Answer

Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway only

Answer

Neither pathway produces DNA laddering

Question 2

In an H&E section, apoptotic cells appear as:

Accepted Answer

Small, intensely eosinophilic cells with condensed, fragmented nuclei

Answer

Large pale cells with nuclear swelling

Answer

Cells with abundant vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Answer

Large multinucleated giant cells

Question 3

Which pro-apoptotic protein, when released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space, directly activates the caspase cascade?

Accepted Answer

Cytochrome c

Answer

Bcl-2

Answer

XIAP

Answer

Survivin

Question 4

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated by binding of which ligand to its death receptor?

Accepted Answer

FasL (CD95L) to Fas (CD95)

Answer

Bcl-2 to Bax

Answer

TNF-α to TNFR2

Answer

IL-1 to IL-1R

Question 5

Calcification found within a previously necrotic focus, such as an old tuberculous granuloma, is classified as which type?

Accepted Answer

Dystrophic calcification

Answer

Metastatic calcification

Answer

Calcinosis universalis

Answer

Calciphylaxis

Question 6

Metastatic calcification, unlike dystrophic calcification, requires which prerequisite condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia

Answer

Tissue necrosis

Answer

Fibrous tissue formation

Answer

Bacterial infection

Question 7

Accumulation of hemosiderin (golden-brown granules) in hepatocytes is best identified with which special stain?

Accepted Answer

Prussian blue (Perls') stain

Answer

PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)

Answer

Oil Red O

Answer

Congo Red