Ohio General X-Ray Machine Operator (GXMO) Knowledge Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: What is the term for radiation that can remove electrons from atoms it interacts with?

Background radiation
Thermal radiation
Ionizing radiation (Correct answer)
Non-ionizing radiation

Correct answer: Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation carries enough energy to eject electrons from atoms, creating ion pairs that can damage biological tissue.

Question 2: What does the term 'inverse square law' describe in radiation physics?

Scatter increases with the square of field size
Dose increases proportionally with distance
Dose rate is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source (Correct answer)
Beam intensity doubles with each HVL

Correct answer: Dose rate is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

The inverse square law states that radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source: doubling the distance reduces intensity to one-quarter.

Question 3: How should risk be managed in X-Ray Equipment Operation?

Risk management is not necessary
By ignoring potential problems
Through identification, assessment, mitigation strategies, and ongoing monitoring of potential risks (Correct answer)
By avoiding all risk entirely

Correct answer: Through identification, assessment, mitigation strategies, and ongoing monitoring of potential risks

Effective risk management involves a systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and addressing potential threats.

Question 4: An Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) device terminates the exposure when:

A preset mAs value is reached
The patient holds their breath
A preset amount of radiation reaches the detector (Correct answer)
kVp reaches its maximum setting

Correct answer: A preset amount of radiation reaches the detector

AEC devices use ionization chambers at the image receptor to measure radiation and automatically terminate the exposure once the correct density threshold is reached.

Question 5: Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa (notch)?

Tunnel (Camp-Coventry) projection (Correct answer)
Merchant projection
Lateral projection
AP projection

Correct answer: Tunnel (Camp-Coventry) projection

The tunnel (Camp-Coventry) projection, with the knee flexed and the tube angled caudad, opens the intercondylar fossa to show loose bodies or osteochondral defects.

Question 6: Which of the following describes the relationship between OID (object-to-image distance) and magnification?

Increasing OID decreases penumbra
OID has no effect on magnification
Increasing OID increases magnification (Correct answer)
Decreasing OID increases magnification

Correct answer: Increasing OID increases magnification

As OID increases, the object is farther from the image receptor and closer to the source, causing greater divergence of X-rays and increased magnification.

Question 7: What is the standard source-to-image distance (SID) used for PA chest radiographs?

56 inches
48 inches
72 inches (Correct answer)
40 inches

Correct answer: 72 inches

72 inches (180 cm) is the standard SID for PA chest radiographs to minimize magnification and accurately represent cardiac size.

Question 8: A fixed kVp technique chart uses:

Automatic adjustment of both kVp and mAs
Constant kVp and constant mAs for all patients
Constant kVp with mAs adjusted for body part thickness (Correct answer)
Constant mAs with kVp adjusted for body part thickness

Correct answer: Constant kVp with mAs adjusted for body part thickness

Fixed kVp charts establish an optimal kVp for each anatomical region, then adjust mAs to account for variations in patient tissue thickness.

Question 9: What role does continuing education play in Image Quality?

It is optional and rarely helpful
Only beneficial for management
Only required for new practitioners
Keeping practitioners current with evolving best practices and new developments (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Keeping practitioners current with evolving best practices and new developments

Continuing education ensures practitioners stay current with advances in their field.

Question 10: What makes a professional competent in X-Ray Equipment Operation?

Only certifications matter
Only formal education matters
A combination of education, practical experience, ongoing learning, and adherence to professional standards (Correct answer)
Only experience matters

Correct answer: A combination of education, practical experience, ongoing learning, and adherence to professional standards

Competence requires the integration of knowledge, skills, experience, and professional conduct.

Question 11: Which radiographic finding is most characteristic of free air (pneumoperitoneum) on an upright abdominal radiograph?

Air-fluid levels in the bowel
Air under the diaphragm (Correct answer)
Loss of psoas muscle shadow
Soft tissue calcifications

Correct answer: Air under the diaphragm

Free intraperitoneal air rises to the highest point in the abdomen and appears as a radiolucent crescent under the diaphragm on an upright view.

Question 12: For an AP shoulder projection, which rotation demonstrates the glenohumeral joint space most clearly?

15–20 degrees external rotation of the arm (Correct answer)
Neutral arm position
15–20 degrees internal rotation of the arm
45-degree posterior oblique

Correct answer: 15–20 degrees external rotation of the arm

External rotation of the arm 15–20 degrees places the greater tubercle in profile and opens the glenohumeral joint space for best visualization.

Question 13: What is the significance of documentation in Patient Positioning?

It provides a record for accountability, quality assurance, and legal compliance (Correct answer)
Documentation is unnecessary busy work
Only management needs to document
Only required during audits

Correct answer: It provides a record for accountability, quality assurance, and legal compliance

Proper documentation supports accountability, enables quality review, and satisfies legal requirements.

Question 14: In digital radiography, exposure index (EI) values are used to:

Measure beam HVL
Control collimator position
Indicate the amount of radiation that reached the detector for a given exposure (Correct answer)
Set kVp automatically

Correct answer: Indicate the amount of radiation that reached the detector for a given exposure

The exposure index (EI) is a numerical indicator of detector exposure level, helping technologists identify over- or underexposure even when the displayed image looks acceptable.

Question 15: For a lateral wrist projection, the wrist is positioned so that the ulna and radius are:

Perpendicular to the IR
Separated by 2 cm
Superimposed (Correct answer)
At 45-degree oblique

Correct answer: Superimposed

In the lateral wrist projection, the ulna and radius should be directly superimposed to confirm true lateral positioning.

Question 16: What does the term "half-value layer" (HVL) refer to in radiation physics?

The thickness of material needed to reduce the radiation beam by half (Correct answer)
The maximum radiation dose a patient can receive
The amount of radiation that reaches the detector
The time required for an X-ray machine to cool down

Correct answer: The thickness of material needed to reduce the radiation beam by half

The Half-Value Layer (HVL) is a critical concept in radiation physics that describes the penetrating power of an X-ray beam and the effectiveness of shielding materials. It refers to the thickness of a specific material required to reduce the intensity of an X-ray beam to exactly half of its original value. HVL measurements are important for quality control and ensuring appropriate beam filtration in diagnostic radiology.

Question 17: What is characteristic radiation?

X-rays emitted when outer-shell electrons fill vacancies left by ejected inner-shell electrons (Correct answer)
Radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei
Radiation produced when electrons decelerate near a nucleus
Scatter radiation from patient interactions

Correct answer: X-rays emitted when outer-shell electrons fill vacancies left by ejected inner-shell electrons

Characteristic radiation is produced when an outer-shell electron transitions to fill an inner-shell vacancy, releasing a photon with energy equal to the difference between the two shell binding energies.

Question 18: The speed of an X-ray film-screen system refers to:

Its sensitivity to radiation (ability to produce diagnostic density with less exposure) (Correct answer)
Focal spot size
The time required for automatic exposure control to terminate the exposure
The rate at which the processor develops film

Correct answer: Its sensitivity to radiation (ability to produce diagnostic density with less exposure)

Screen-film speed (e.g., 100, 200, 400) indicates the system's sensitivity; higher speed requires less radiation to achieve the same image density, reducing patient dose.

Question 19: Acceptable tolerance for kVp accuracy in a quality control program is generally:

±5% of the indicated kVp (Correct answer)
±10% of the indicated kVp
±15% of the indicated kVp
±1% of the indicated kVp

Correct answer: ±5% of the indicated kVp

Quality control standards (NCRP, ACR) generally accept kVp accuracy within ±5% of the set value to ensure consistent image contrast and patient dose.

Question 20: What makes a professional competent in Image Quality?

Only experience matters
A combination of education, practical experience, ongoing learning, and adherence to professional standards (Correct answer)
Only certifications matter
Only formal education matters

Correct answer: A combination of education, practical experience, ongoing learning, and adherence to professional standards

Competence requires the integration of knowledge, skills, experience, and professional conduct.

Question 21: What is the importance of communication skills in Image Quality?

Clear communication prevents errors, builds relationships, and ensures understanding among all parties (Correct answer)
Communication is only important for managers
Technical skills are sufficient without communication
Communication skills cannot be learned

Correct answer: Clear communication prevents errors, builds relationships, and ensures understanding among all parties

Effective communication is essential for coordination, error prevention, and stakeholder relationships.

Question 22: A radiograph shows areas of increased density at the periphery of the image with decreased density at the center. What is the most likely cause?

Scatter radiation
Double exposure
Grid cutoff
Anode heel effect (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Anode heel effect

The anode heel effect causes decreased intensity on the anode side and increased intensity on the cathode side, creating uneven density across the image.

Question 23: Which term describes the range of exposure values over which an image receptor produces diagnostically useful images?

Exposure latitude (Correct answer)
Contrast index
Speed class
Dynamic range ceiling

Correct answer: Exposure latitude

Exposure latitude is the range of exposures that produce acceptable images; digital detectors have a wider latitude than conventional film-screen systems.

Question 24: What is the primary purpose of asking a patient to suspend respiration on expiration during an abdominal radiograph?

To move the diaphragm superiorly and maximize visualization of abdominal contents (Correct answer)
To lower the heart out of the field of view
To reduce patient motion
To reduce radiation dose to the lungs

Correct answer: To move the diaphragm superiorly and maximize visualization of abdominal contents

Expiration raises the diaphragm, pushing abdominal organs inferiorly and allowing more complete visualization of the abdominal cavity.

Question 25: Which of the following contrast agents is water-soluble and preferred when bowel perforation is suspected?

Micropaque barium
Barium sulfate suspension
Iodinated oil-based contrast
Gastrografin (diatrizoate meglumine) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Gastrografin (diatrizoate meglumine)

Gastrografin is water-soluble and is absorbed if it leaks into the peritoneum, making it safer than barium when perforation is suspected.

Question 26: A PA chest radiograph shows a sharp, well-defined opacity in the right lower lobe with an air bronchogram sign. What does the presence of the air bronchogram indicate?

Normal aeration of the lung parenchyma
The airways remain patent while the surrounding alveoli are filled with fluid or exudate (Correct answer)
The bronchus is obstructed by a mass
The pleural space contains free air

Correct answer: The airways remain patent while the surrounding alveoli are filled with fluid or exudate

Air bronchograms appear when alveoli fill with fluid (consolidation) while the bronchi remain air-filled, making the air-containing bronchi visible against the opacified lung.

Question 27: Which quality control test is used to evaluate the accuracy of the X-ray beam collimator light field relative to the radiation field?

Focal spot size test
Half-value layer (HVL) measurement
kVp accuracy test
Beam alignment/collimator accuracy test (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Beam alignment/collimator accuracy test

The beam alignment test uses a radio-opaque ruler or template to compare the light field to the actual radiation field, ensuring they coincide within tolerance limits.

Question 28: What is the importance of communication skills in Patient Positioning?

Communication is only important for managers
Technical skills are sufficient without communication
Clear communication prevents errors, builds relationships, and ensures understanding among all parties (Correct answer)
Communication skills cannot be learned

Correct answer: Clear communication prevents errors, builds relationships, and ensures understanding among all parties

Effective communication is essential for coordination, error prevention, and stakeholder relationships.

Question 29: What type of radiation survey instrument is best suited for detecting low levels of contamination or locating the edge of a radiation field?

Film badge dosimeter
Scintillation detector
Cutie pie ionization chamber
Geiger-Müller (GM) detector (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Geiger-Müller (GM) detector

GM detectors are highly sensitive to low radiation levels and produce audible clicks for each ionizing event, making them ideal for contamination surveys and field edge detection.

Question 30: What is a common maintenance task for X-ray equipment to ensure proper operation?

Increasing the exposure time periodically
Using only one X-ray tube setting for all exams
Replacing the X-ray film after every patient
Regularly checking and calibrating the X-ray machine (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Regularly checking and calibrating the X-ray machine

Regular checking and calibration of X-ray equipment are crucial maintenance tasks to ensure accurate and safe operation. Calibration verifies that the machine's output parameters, such as kVp and mAs, are consistent and precise, which is vital for producing high-quality diagnostic images. This routine maintenance helps prevent equipment malfunction and ensures reliable performance and patient safety.

Question 31: Lead aprons used in diagnostic radiology typically provide shielding equivalent to how much lead?

0.50 mm Pb (Correct answer)
1.0 mm Pb
0.10 mm Pb
0.25 mm Pb

Correct answer: 0.50 mm Pb

Standard lead aprons contain 0.50 mm lead equivalent, which attenuates approximately 90–95% of scattered radiation at diagnostic energy ranges.

Question 32: Grid ratio is defined as the ratio of:

Grid strip height to lead strip width
Number of lead strips per cm
Primary to scatter radiation
Lead strip height to inter-space width (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Lead strip height to inter-space width

Grid ratio = h/D, where h is the height (depth) of the lead strips and D is the width of the radiolucent interspaces between them.

Question 33: When performing a PA projection of the chest, the patient's hands should be placed on the hips with elbows forward primarily to:

Lower the clavicles below the lung apices
Reduce kyphosis and straighten the thoracic spine
Rotate the scapulae laterally out of the lung fields (Correct answer)
Increase the lung volume by expanding the rib cage

Correct answer: Rotate the scapulae laterally out of the lung fields

Rotating the hands onto the hips and rolling the shoulders forward causes the scapulae to rotate laterally, removing them from superimposition over the lungs.

Question 34: Which unit is used to measure the absorbed dose of radiation in tissue?

Becquerel
Roentgen
Gray (Correct answer)
Sievert

Correct answer: Gray

The Gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose, defined as 1 joule of energy deposited per kilogram of tissue.

Question 35: Which of the following best describes the ALARA principle?

Avoid Limiting Allowed Radiation Areas
Always Limit All Radiation Annually
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (Correct answer)
As Large As Radiation Allows

Correct answer: As Low As Reasonably Achievable

ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonably Achievable, guiding radiation workers to minimize exposure while still accomplishing the diagnostic task.

Question 36: A lateral lumbar spine radiograph shows the vertebral bodies but the spinous processes are not visible. What technique error is most likely responsible?

Insufficient penetration (too low kVp) (Correct answer)
Grid lines superimposed on the image
Patient rotation during exposure
Excessive mAs causing overexposure

Correct answer: Insufficient penetration (too low kVp)

Low kVp results in insufficient penetration through the dense posterior elements, making the spinous processes invisible on the lateral projection.

Question 37: What is the recommended position for an X-ray of the abdomen to ensure proper imaging?

Sitting upright with hands on the hips
Supine position with the arms at the sides (Correct answer)
Prone position with the arms raised
Lying on the left side with knees bent

Correct answer: Supine position with the arms at the sides

For a standard X-ray of the abdomen, the supine position (lying on the back) with the arms at the sides is typically recommended. This position allows for optimal visualization of abdominal organs and structures, minimizing superimposition and ensuring consistent image quality. It also helps to keep the patient still and comfortable during the exposure.

Question 38: The Towne projection (AP axial) of the skull is used primarily to demonstrate the:

Frontal sinuses
Occipital bone and dorsum sellae (Correct answer)
Nasal bones
Maxillary sinuses

Correct answer: Occipital bone and dorsum sellae

The Towne projection demonstrates the occipital bone, foramen magnum, and dorsum sellae by angling the central ray 30–35 degrees caudad.

Question 39: Which anatomical structure is located at the level of the sternal angle (angle of Louis) and is used as a landmark for chest X-rays?

T4-T5 intervertebral disc (Correct answer)
L1-L2 intervertebral disc
T1-T2 intervertebral disc
T8-T9 intervertebral disc

Correct answer: T4-T5 intervertebral disc

The sternal angle (angle of Louis) corresponds to the level of the T4-T5 intervertebral disc and marks the carina of the trachea.

Question 40: What does the term "contrast" refer to in X-ray imaging?

The difference in density between various structures in the image (Correct answer)
The amount of X-ray exposure used
The speed at which the X-ray film develops
The sharpness of the image

Correct answer: The difference in density between various structures in the image

In X-ray imaging, contrast refers to the visible difference in shades of gray between adjacent anatomical structures or tissues within the image. High contrast means there's a significant difference in density, making structures clearly distinguishable, while low contrast means they appear more similar. Proper contrast is essential for differentiating between healthy and diseased tissues and for accurate diagnosis.

Question 41: For a lateral projection of the lumbar spine, the patient's hips and knees are flexed primarily to:

Reduce the lordotic curve and bring the spine parallel to the IR (Correct answer)
Prevent rotation of the pelvis
Decrease the exposure area
Reduce the object-to-image distance

Correct answer: Reduce the lordotic curve and bring the spine parallel to the IR

Flexing the hips and knees reduces lumbar lordosis, which helps align the long axis of the spine more parallel to the image receptor.

Question 42: What is the primary function of the X-ray tube in an X-ray machine?

To produce and direct X-rays towards the patient (Correct answer)
To capture and store X-ray images
To cool down the X-ray machine
To generate high-frequency electrical signals

Correct answer: To produce and direct X-rays towards the patient

The X-ray tube is the core component of an X-ray machine, responsible for generating the X-rays. Inside the tube, electrons are accelerated from a cathode to an anode, producing X-rays upon impact. These X-rays are then directed towards the patient to create diagnostic images.

Question 43: The '15% rule' states that increasing kVp by 15% requires what mAs adjustment to maintain the same density?

Halve the mAs (Correct answer)
Double the mAs
No mAs change needed
Increase mAs by 15%

Correct answer: Halve the mAs

Increasing kVp by 15% doubles the effect on density, so mAs must be halved to maintain the original exposure level.

Question 44: What quality metrics are most important in Image Quality?

Only speed of completion
Measurable outcomes, process compliance, and stakeholder satisfaction (Correct answer)
Only financial metrics
No metrics are needed

Correct answer: Measurable outcomes, process compliance, and stakeholder satisfaction

Quality in Image Quality is measured through multiple dimensions including outcomes, processes, and satisfaction.

Question 45: What is the importance of communication skills in Radiation Safety?

Technical skills are sufficient without communication
Communication is only important for managers
Clear communication prevents errors, builds relationships, and ensures understanding among all parties (Correct answer)
Communication skills cannot be learned

Correct answer: Clear communication prevents errors, builds relationships, and ensures understanding among all parties

Effective communication is essential for coordination, error prevention, and stakeholder relationships.

Question 46: When is it appropriate for a radiographer to hold a patient during an x-ray exposure?

Whenever the patient is uncooperative
Only when no mechanical restraining device is available and a non-occupationally exposed person cannot assist (Correct answer)
Whenever faster exposure times are needed
Routinely for pediatric patients

Correct answer: Only when no mechanical restraining device is available and a non-occupationally exposed person cannot assist

Radiographers should never routinely hold patients; a non-occupationally exposed person (e.g., a parent) should assist only when mechanical restraint is inadequate, and the holder must wear protective apparel.

Question 47: Which pathological condition would appear most radiolucent (dark) on a standard radiograph?

Emphysema (Correct answer)
Consolidation (pneumonia)
Pleural effusion
Atelectasis

Correct answer: Emphysema

Emphysema causes hyperinflation and destruction of alveolar walls, increasing air content in the lungs and producing areas of decreased density (radiolucency) on the radiograph.

Question 48: Which of the following best describes a deterministic (nonstochastic) radiation effect?

An effect with no threshold dose that increases in probability with dose
An effect that occurs randomly regardless of dose
An effect only seen in radiation workers, not patients
An effect with a threshold dose below which it does not occur, and severity increases with dose above the threshold (Correct answer)

Correct answer: An effect with a threshold dose below which it does not occur, and severity increases with dose above the threshold

Deterministic effects (e.g., skin erythema, cataracts, acute radiation syndrome) have a threshold dose; below that threshold no effect occurs, but severity increases above it.

Question 49: How does technology impact modern practices in Image Quality?

Technology is only useful for record keeping
Technology improves efficiency, accuracy, and access to information while requiring new skills (Correct answer)
Technology has no impact on this field
Technology replaces all human judgment

Correct answer: Technology improves efficiency, accuracy, and access to information while requiring new skills

Technology enhances capabilities while also requiring practitioners to develop new competencies.

Question 50: What is the most important foundational concept in Image Quality?

Memorizing all rules without understanding
Understanding core principles and their practical application in Image Quality (Correct answer)
Ignoring established guidelines
Only following instructions from supervisors

Correct answer: Understanding core principles and their practical application in Image Quality

Core principles provide the foundation for all decision-making and practice in Image Quality.

Question 51: How should risk be managed in Patient Positioning?

Risk management is not necessary
By ignoring potential problems
By avoiding all risk entirely
Through identification, assessment, mitigation strategies, and ongoing monitoring of potential risks (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Through identification, assessment, mitigation strategies, and ongoing monitoring of potential risks

Effective risk management involves a systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and addressing potential threats.

Question 52: Which QC test evaluates whether the X-ray tube's focal spot has enlarged beyond acceptable limits?

Star resolution pattern or pinhole camera test (Correct answer)
Step wedge exposure test
Sensitometric strip test
Beam alignment test

Correct answer: Star resolution pattern or pinhole camera test

The star resolution pattern or pinhole camera test measures actual focal spot size; an enlarged focal spot reduces spatial resolution.

Question 53: What quality metrics are most important in Radiation Safety?

Measurable outcomes, process compliance, and stakeholder satisfaction (Correct answer)
Only speed of completion
No metrics are needed
Only financial metrics

Correct answer: Measurable outcomes, process compliance, and stakeholder satisfaction

Quality in Radiation Safety is measured through multiple dimensions including outcomes, processes, and satisfaction.

Question 54: What is the primary purpose of standardized procedures in Patient Positioning?

To ensure consistency, safety, and quality across all practitioners (Correct answer)
To create unnecessary bureaucracy
To slow down work processes
To benefit only management

Correct answer: To ensure consistency, safety, and quality across all practitioners

Standardized procedures ensure that all practitioners deliver consistent, safe, and high-quality outcomes.

Question 55: What unit is commonly used to measure radiation dose received by a person?

Sieverts (Correct answer)
Watts
Hertz
Joules

Correct answer: Sieverts

The Sievert (Sv) is the standard international unit used to measure the equivalent and effective dose of radiation received by a person. It quantifies the biological effect of radiation on human tissue, providing a measure of the potential health risk. Other units like Hertz, Joules, and Watts measure frequency, energy, and power, respectively, not radiation dose.

Question 56: What is pair production and at what minimum photon energy does it occur?

Complete photon absorption creating an ion pair; occurs above 33 keV
Electron ejection from outer shell; occurs above 10 keV
Coherent scatter of two photons; occurs at any energy
Creation of an electron-positron pair from a photon near a nucleus; requires at least 1.02 MeV (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Creation of an electron-positron pair from a photon near a nucleus; requires at least 1.02 MeV

Pair production occurs when a photon with at least 1.02 MeV interacts near an atomic nucleus and is converted into an electron-positron pair.

Question 57: What quality metrics are most important in X-Ray Equipment Operation?

Only financial metrics
No metrics are needed
Only speed of completion
Measurable outcomes, process compliance, and stakeholder satisfaction (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Measurable outcomes, process compliance, and stakeholder satisfaction

Quality in X-Ray Equipment Operation is measured through multiple dimensions including outcomes, processes, and satisfaction.

Question 58: High-kVp techniques (above 100 kVp) produce images characterized by:

Decreased scatter radiation
High contrast with short gray scale
Low contrast with long gray scale (Correct answer)
Increased patient dose

Correct answer: Low contrast with long gray scale

High kVp causes more Compton scatter and less differential photoelectric absorption, producing a long gray scale (low contrast) image.

Question 59: What is the recommended minimum source-to-skin distance (SSD) for stationary x-ray equipment used in general radiography?

30 cm (12 inches)
15 cm (6 inches)
38 cm (15 inches) (Correct answer)
100 cm (40 inches)

Correct answer: 38 cm (15 inches)

Federal regulations (21 CFR 1020.30) require a minimum SSD of 38 cm (15 inches) for stationary general-purpose x-ray equipment to limit skin dose.

Question 60: A radiograph of the hand shows small, round, dense opacities scattered throughout the soft tissues. What is the most likely interpretation?

Film processing artifact
Air artifact
Soft tissue calcifications (Correct answer)
Scatter fog

Correct answer: Soft tissue calcifications

Round, dense opacities in soft tissue on radiographs typically represent calcifications, which can be vascular, dystrophic, or metastatic in nature.

Ohio General X-Ray Machine Operator (GXMO) Knowledge Exam

The Ohio GXMO Knowledge Exam tests candidates on radiation safety, radiographic equipment and physics, image quality, digital imaging, technique, and patient care — required for licensure to operate diagnostic x-ray equipment under the Ohio Department of Health.

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