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Biology Flashcards

7 cards from real GACE practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells?

    Answer: Mitochondria

    Mitochondria carry out oxidative phosphorylation via the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to produce the majority of cellular ATP.

  2. A student observes that a population of beetles in a field has shifted from mostly green to mostly brown over 20 generations. Which mechanism best explains this change if brown beetles survive predation better?

    Answer: Natural selection

    Natural selection favors traits that increase survival and reproduction, so brown coloration providing better camouflage increases in frequency over generations.

  3. Which bond type links nucleotides together to form the backbone of a DNA strand?

    Answer: Phosphodiester bonds

    Phosphodiester bonds connect the 3' hydroxyl of one nucleotide to the 5' phosphate of the next, forming the sugar-phosphate backbone.

  4. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material through a process called:

    Answer: Crossing over

    Crossing over (recombination) occurs at chiasmata during prophase I, exchanging segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.

  5. An ecosystem experiences the removal of all top predators. According to trophic cascade theory, what is the most likely outcome?

    Answer: Herbivore populations increase and primary producer biomass decreases

    Without top predators to control herbivore populations, herbivores increase and overconsume primary producers, reducing their biomass.

  6. Which term describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration?

    Answer: Osmosis

    Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane down its own concentration gradient (from lower to higher solute concentration).

  7. A mutation that changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA (stop) is classified as a:

    Answer: Nonsense mutation

    A nonsense mutation converts an amino-acid-coding codon into a premature stop codon, truncating the resulting protein.

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