Free NYSTCE Health Education 073 Questions and Answers — Questions and Answers
Question 1: What school of thought advocates placing the onus of learning on the student rather than the teacher?
- Cognitive
- Social-Cognitive
- Constructivist (Correct answer)
- Behaviorist
Correct answer: Constructivist
The constructivist school of thought emphasizes that learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. In this approach, the student is seen as an active participant in their learning, building upon prior knowledge, rather than passively receiving information from the teacher. This places the onus of learning squarely on the student.
Question 2: The contributions Mr. Smith made to the _____ perspective of educational psychology are what are best known.
- developmental
- constructivist
- cognitive
- behaviorist (Correct answer)
Correct answer: behaviorist
The behaviorist perspective in educational psychology focuses on observable behaviors and how they are learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment. Key figures like B.F. Skinner (often represented by a generic name like Mr. Smith in such questions) are known for their work on operant conditioning, which explains how consequences shape behavior and learning.
Question 3: The contributions Jason Rogers made to the _____ perspective of educational psychology are well known.
- social-cognitive (Correct answer)
- developmental
- cognitive
- constructivist
Correct answer: social-cognitive
The social-cognitive perspective, notably advanced by Albert Bandura (often represented by a generic name like Jason Rogers in these types of questions), emphasizes the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling. It posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction among the person, environment, and behavior, making contributions to this field well-known.
Question 4: Which school of thought in educational psychology advocates observational learning?
- Behaviorist
- Cognitive
- Social-Cognitive (Correct answer)
- Constructivist
Correct answer: Social-Cognitive
The Social-Cognitive theory, primarily developed by Albert Bandura, highlights observational learning as a key mechanism for acquiring new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions. It suggests that individuals can learn by watching others (models) and then imitating or adapting those behaviors, without necessarily undergoing direct reinforcement themselves. This school of thought strongly advocates for learning through observation.
Question 5: The _____ perspective includes ideas that are both continuous and discontinuous in nature and examines change that takes place in learners over an extended length of time.
- behaviorist
- developmental (Correct answer)
- constructivist
- cognitive
Correct answer: developmental
The developmental perspective in educational psychology focuses on the systematic, sequential, and relatively enduring changes that occur in individuals over their lifespan. It considers both continuous changes (gradual, quantitative) and discontinuous changes (stage-like, qualitative shifts) in cognitive, social, emotional, and physical domains. This perspective examines how these changes impact learning over an extended length of time.
Question 6: How do emotional and social development differ from one another?
- Social development is about understanding emotions, while emotional development is about learning to interact with others.
- Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions. (Correct answer)
- Social development is about learning how groups are structured, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.
- Social development is about learning how groups are structured, while emotional development is about learning the relationships between emotions.
Correct answer: Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions.
Emotional development focuses on an individual's internal world, specifically their ability to understand, express, and manage their own feelings, as well as recognizing emotions in others. In contrast, social development pertains to how individuals learn to interact with others, form relationships, and navigate social situations and norms. While interconnected, emotional development is about internal understanding, and social development is about external interaction.
Question 7: Jane and Bea are the same age, whereas Alex has an intellectual disability. <br> Should we expect their cognitive development levels to be similar or dissimilar? Why?
- They may be different, because Alex is a boy.
- They will be the same, because they're the same age.
- They may be different, because Betty is a girl.
- They may be different, because Alex has a disability. (Correct answer)
Correct answer: They may be different, because Alex has a disability.
Cognitive development refers to the growth of mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving. While age is a factor, an intellectual disability significantly impacts these processes, often leading to a different developmental trajectory compared to peers without such disabilities. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect Alex's cognitive development to differ from Jane and Bea's, despite being the same age.
Question 8: The term "growth psychology" refers to the study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and interpersonal relationships evolve through time.
- cognitive development
- developmental psychology (Correct answer)
- emotional development
- social development
Correct answer: developmental psychology
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. It encompasses the entire lifespan and examines various domains, including cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development. The description provided perfectly aligns with the scope and definition of developmental psychology, which explores the evolution of thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and interpersonal relationships through time.
Question 9: Multiplication instruction is an illustration of _____.
- developmental psychology
- emotional development
- cognitive development (Correct answer)
- social development
Correct answer: cognitive development
Cognitive development refers to the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. Multiplication instruction directly targets and enhances these mental processes, specifically numerical reasoning and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it is a clear example of fostering cognitive development.
Question 10: Emotional development theories state that _____
- 3-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 11-year-olds.
- 11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds. (Correct answer)
- 11-year-olds are more emotional than 3-year-olds.
- 3-year-olds cry less than 11-year-olds.
- 3-year-olds and 11-year-olds have similar levels of emotional intelligence.
Correct answer: 11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.
Emotional development is a progressive process, meaning that as children mature, their capacity for understanding and managing emotions typically increases. Older children, like 11-year-olds, have more developed cognitive abilities and greater social experience, which allows them to better interpret social cues and empathize with others' feelings compared to younger children, such as 3-year-olds.
Question 11: What kind of human growth is NOT one of the following?
- Emotional
- Traditional (Correct answer)
- Physical
- Cognitive
Correct answer: Traditional
The primary domains of human growth and development studied in psychology and education are typically categorized as physical, cognitive, emotional, and social. 'Traditional' is not a recognized category or type of human growth in this context. The other options represent fundamental aspects of how individuals mature and change over their lifespan.
Question 12: Why is physical development critical for infants and young children?
- It includes visual development, which allows them to learn to read
- It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment (Correct answer)
- It is necessary for muscular growth and development
- It is essential for their emotional development
Correct answer: It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment
Physical development in infants and young children is crucial because it encompasses the growth of their bodies and the development of motor skills. As infants gain control over their movements, they can crawl, walk, and manipulate objects, which directly enables them to explore their environment. This exploration is fundamental for learning about the world around them and fostering cognitive and social development.
Question 13: Humans go through a process of _____ and _____ during their lifetime.
- reasoning; growth
- growth; change (Correct answer)
- growth; life
- reasoning; change
Correct answer: growth; change
Human development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan, characterized by both 'growth' and 'change.' Growth refers to quantitative increases, such as in size or vocabulary, while change refers to qualitative transformations, like developing new cognitive abilities or social skills. Together, growth and change encapsulate the dynamic and evolving nature of human beings from conception to death.
Question 14: Which of the following is NOT a strategy that older persons can employ to delay the onset of cognitive decline?
- Completing crossword and Sudoku puzzles
- Taking classes
- Physical exercise
- Sleeping more (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Sleeping more
While adequate sleep is vital for overall health and cognitive function, simply 'sleeping more' is not a direct strategy to *delay* cognitive decline in the same way that mentally stimulating activities (like puzzles or classes) and physical exercise are. These activities actively engage the brain and body, promoting neuroplasticity and maintaining cognitive vitality. Excessive sleep, in some cases, can even be associated with cognitive issues.
Question 15: As their prefrontal cortex grows, adolescents acquire their _____ talents.
- exploratory and problem-solving
- motor and problem-solving
- reasoning and problem-solving (Correct answer)
- motor and exploratory
Correct answer: reasoning and problem-solving
The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain responsible for executive functions, which include complex cognitive behaviors such as planning, decision-making, working memory, and impulse control. This area undergoes significant development during adolescence, leading to improvements in abstract thinking, logical reasoning, and sophisticated problem-solving abilities. Therefore, as the prefrontal cortex matures, adolescents acquire enhanced reasoning and problem-solving talents.
Question 16: What is the caloric content of one gram of protein?
- 7
- 4 (Correct answer)
- 9
- 1
Correct answer: 4
Proteins are one of the three macronutrients that provide energy to the body. It is a widely accepted nutritional fact that one gram of protein provides approximately 4 calories of energy. This is a standard value used in nutrition and dietary calculations.
Free NYSTCE Health Education 073 Questions and Answers
What school of thought advocates placing the onus of learning on the student rather than the teacher?