FREE LNAT Science Questions and Answers
Environmental (eDNA) sampling is so fast and effective that it can screen a significantly greater area of the sea in less time for patterns of variety.
Consider researching animals in a blind manner. Does that seem absurd? Yes, it seems like a bad bargain to those like us who become interested in biology because we love animals and like learning about them. However, if you consider what happens to forensic investigators searching for DNA evidence at a crime scene or to physicians identifying a disease in a patient's blood, you will realize that they are doing precisely that: they are detecting live forms without being able to see them.
Life is mapped out in DNA. It is found in almost every living thing on Earth, and the way we research it is usually by taking a sample of blood or tissue. However, DNA is actually present everywhere because animals regularly shed it through self-scratching, excretion, urine, eggs, saliva, and, of course, death. Every habitat, including your bed and the deepest oceanic depths, is full of "biological dust," which is primarily cellular material that has been preserved by previous species and includes their DNA. We refer to this as "eDNA," or environmental DNA.
Thanks to rapidly advancing, precise, and reasonably priced technology, scientists have started sequencing this trace DNA from many contexts in recent years. And researchers studying settings as big as the oceans have found value in this "micro" method.
Numerous aquatic creatures are big, uncommon, elusive, and incredibly mobile. Sharks are a prime example; they comprise a relatively small fraction of the biomass in the oceans, are often quite challenging to catch, and have been at odds with people ever since humans began sailing the seas. With a few notable exceptions, they stay away from us, and as a result, many of them are in danger of going extinct.
This is why we thought it would be fascinating to explore if we could map the existence and distribution of sharks quickly, without involving time-consuming and resource-intensive shark harvesting techniques, by simply sampling a few bottles of ocean water (and the DNA fragments within). We were pleased to see that, in fact, this was feasible and that different species could be found in various geographic locations, even though shark presence would be sparser in areas that had seen greater human impact.
However, comparing this eDNA technique to shark monitoring to other well-established and proven methods, including baited underwater camera recordings or visual censuses conducted while scuba diving, would be necessary to determine its genuine effectiveness.
Which of the following describes why the eDNA technique has advantages?
Correct!
Wrong!
The article does not indicate whether eDNA is more effective than alternative techniques, as the author states, "But the true measure of the efficiency of this eDNA approach to shark monitoring would only be revealed when contrasted against established, tried-and-tested methodologies." The text contains information on every other choice.
Environmental (eDNA) sampling is so fast and effective that it can screen a significantly greater area of the sea in less time for patterns of variety.
Consider researching animals in a blind manner. Does that seem absurd? Yes, it seems like a bad bargain to those like us who become interested in biology because we love animals and like learning about them. However, if you consider what happens to forensic investigators searching for DNA evidence at a crime scene or to physicians identifying a disease in a patient's blood, you will realize that they are doing precisely that: they are detecting live forms without being able to see them.
Life is mapped out in DNA. It is found in almost every living thing on Earth, and the way we research it is usually by taking a sample of blood or tissue. However, DNA is actually present everywhere because animals regularly shed it through self-scratching, excretion, urine, eggs, saliva, and, of course, death. Every habitat, including your bed and the deepest oceanic depths, is full of "biological dust," which is primarily cellular material that has been preserved by previous species and includes their DNA. We refer to this as "eDNA," or environmental DNA.
Thanks to rapidly advancing, precise, and reasonably priced technology, scientists have started sequencing this trace DNA from many contexts in recent years. And researchers studying settings as big as the oceans have found value in this "micro" method.
Numerous aquatic creatures are big, uncommon, elusive, and incredibly mobile. Sharks are a prime example; they comprise a relatively small fraction of the biomass in the oceans, are often quite challenging to catch, and have been at odds with people ever since humans began sailing the seas. With a few notable exceptions, they stay away from us, and as a result, many of them are in danger of going extinct.
This is why we thought it would be fascinating to explore if we could map the existence and distribution of sharks quickly, without involving time-consuming and resource-intensive shark harvesting techniques, by simply sampling a few bottles of ocean water (and the DNA fragments within). We were pleased to see that, in fact, this was feasible and that different species could be found in various geographic locations, even though shark presence would be sparser in areas that had seen greater human impact.
However, comparing this eDNA technique to shark monitoring to other well-established and proven methods, including baited underwater camera recordings or visual censuses conducted while scuba diving, would be necessary to determine its genuine effectiveness.
Sharks are used by the author to
Correct!
Wrong!
One "example" of a situation where eDNA might be used extremely successfully is sharks.
Following more than a year of fruitful negotiations, the European Union (EU) has officially acknowledged the United Kingdom's strict data privacy regulations.
This will make it possible for personal data to continue flowing smoothly from the EU to the UK.
Following the European Union's decision to implement "data adequacy" judgments, personal data can still be freely transferred between Europe and the UK.
The action is welcomed by the UK government since it appropriately acknowledges the nation's strict data privacy laws. Personal data can now freely flow to the UK from the EU and the larger European Economic Area (EEA) following the formal acceptance of the judgments made under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Law Enforcement Directive (LED). Because to the rulings, UK companies and organizations are no longer need to make extra agreements with their European counterparts in order to continue receiving personal data from the EU and EEA.
This unrestricted flow of personal data promotes investment, trade, and innovation. It also helps law enforcement agencies combat crime, delivers essential public services, and shares personal data to support scientific and health research.
As part of its commitment to facilitating a seamless exit from the EU, the UK, which currently has a fully independent data policy, has already recognized the EU and EEA member states as "adequate." The government intends to encourage the free flow of personal data internationally and across borders, including through ambitious new trade agreements and new data adequacy agreements with some of the fastest growing economies, while making sure people's data is protected to a high standard.
All decisions in the future will be made with an eye on maximizing innovation and staying current with technology. Therefore, the government's strategy will aim to reduce obstacles for organizations that want to use data to address some of the most important global concerns, such as illness prevention and climate change.
Which of the following benefits of unrestricted access to personal data was not mentioned?
Correct!
Wrong!
The wording lists all other alternatives as advantages for the unrestricted exchange of personal data. Conversely, ""organizational burdens"" are a drawback rather than an advantage.
IDEAL ADVICE You can get a hint about the answer by identifying a response from the text, but you have to be careful to make sure the response you choose precisely matches the question's description requirements.
Following more than a year of fruitful negotiations, the European Union (EU) has officially acknowledged the United Kingdom's strict data privacy regulations.
This will make it possible for personal data to continue flowing smoothly from the EU to the UK.
Following the European Union's decision to implement "data adequacy" judgments, personal data can still be freely transferred between Europe and the UK.
The action is welcomed by the UK government since it appropriately acknowledges the nation's strict data privacy laws. Personal data can now freely flow to the UK from the EU and the larger European Economic Area (EEA) following the formal acceptance of the judgments made under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Law Enforcement Directive (LED). Because to the rulings, UK companies and organizations are no longer need to make extra agreements with their European counterparts in order to continue receiving personal data from the EU and EEA.
This unrestricted flow of personal data promotes investment, trade, and innovation. It also helps law enforcement agencies combat crime, delivers essential public services, and shares personal data to support scientific and health research.
As part of its commitment to facilitating a seamless exit from the EU, the UK, which currently has a fully independent data policy, has already recognized the EU and EEA member states as "adequate." The government intends to encourage the free flow of personal data internationally and across borders, including through ambitious new trade agreements and new data adequacy agreements with some of the fastest growing economies, while making sure people's data is protected to a high standard.
All decisions in the future will be made with an eye on maximizing innovation and staying current with technology. Therefore, the government's strategy will aim to reduce obstacles for organizations that want to use data to address some of the most important global concerns, such as illness prevention and climate change.
Based on the text, which of the following can be deduced?
Correct!
Wrong!
The phrase "continued seamless flow of personal data from the EU to the UK" suggests that the UK was able to freely transfer data to the EU prior to Brexit, and as a result, the new adequacy decision restores the EU's pre-Brexit data flow scenario.
Environmental (eDNA) sampling is so fast and effective that it can screen a significantly greater area of the sea in less time for patterns of variety.
Consider researching animals in a blind manner. Does that seem absurd? Yes, it seems like a bad bargain to those like us who become interested in biology because we love animals and like learning about them. However, if you consider what happens to forensic investigators searching for DNA evidence at a crime scene or to physicians identifying a disease in a patient's blood, you will realize that they are doing precisely that: they are detecting live forms without being able to see them.
Life is mapped out in DNA. It is found in almost every living thing on Earth, and the way we research it is usually by taking a sample of blood or tissue. However, DNA is actually present everywhere because animals regularly shed it through self-scratching, excretion, urine, eggs, saliva, and, of course, death. Every habitat, including your bed and the deepest oceanic depths, is full of "biological dust," which is primarily cellular material that has been preserved by previous species and includes their DNA. We refer to this as "eDNA," or environmental DNA.
Thanks to rapidly advancing, precise, and reasonably priced technology, scientists have started sequencing this trace DNA from many contexts in recent years. And researchers studying settings as big as the oceans have found value in this "micro" method.
Numerous aquatic creatures are big, uncommon, elusive, and incredibly mobile. Sharks are a prime example; they comprise a relatively small fraction of the biomass in the oceans, are often quite challenging to catch, and have been at odds with people ever since humans began sailing the seas. With a few notable exceptions, they stay away from us, and as a result, many of them are in danger of going extinct.
This is why we thought it would be fascinating to explore if we could map the existence and distribution of sharks quickly, without involving time-consuming and resource-intensive shark harvesting techniques, by simply sampling a few bottles of ocean water (and the DNA fragments within). We were pleased to see that, in fact, this was feasible and that different species could be found in various geographic locations, even though shark presence would be sparser in areas that had seen greater human impact.
However, comparing this eDNA technique to shark monitoring to other well-established and proven methods, including baited underwater camera recordings or visual censuses conducted while scuba diving, would be necessary to determine its genuine effectiveness.
What is the meaning of eDNA?
Correct!
Wrong!
This query is deceptive. The term "efficiency of environmental (eDNA) sampling" appears in the text, although it does not imply that eDNA equals environmental sampling efficiency; rather, it refers to environmental DNA.
Now that the Covid vaccine is effective and nationwide limitations are being lifted, it's finally time for individuals who have received the vaccination but have been holed up at home to take off their sweatpants and come out of their Netflix caves. However, your mind might not be as keen to return to your previous social circle.
Social distancing strategies were crucial in halting the global spread of the virus and averting up to 500 million cases, according to estimates. Although it was necessary, people's mental health has suffered as a result of their 15-month separation.
According to a nationwide study conducted last autumn, 36% of US respondents, including 61% of young adults, said they experienced "serious loneliness" during the pandemic. These kinds of statistics imply that people would be eager to be out in social situations.
However, you're not alone if the thought of striking up a conversation at a packed happy hour seems daunting. Regardless of their level of vaccination, nearly half of Americans said they were uncomfortable about getting back to face-to-face engagement.
So how come individuals are so anxious to socialize again but are also so lonely?
The brain, after all, is incredibly flexible. And while neuroscientists like me cannot precisely know what our brains have been through over the past year, we may gain some insight into the ways in which social isolation and resocialization impact the brain.
Despite the fact that it might not seem like it while choosing between accepting a dinner invitation and watching Schitt's Creek again, humans have an innate drive to socialize.
Keeping up social networks is essential for survival in the animal kingdom, from insects to primates. Social groups offer opportunities for mating, cooperative hunting, and predator protection.
However, social equilibrium, or the proper ratio of social ties, needs to be maintained. While vast social networks intensify competition for resources and partners, smaller ones are unable to provide such advantages. As a result, just like a social thermostat, human brains have created specific circuitry to assess our connections and make the necessary adjustments.
The mesocorticolimbic circuit, sometimes known as the "reward system," is at the core of social homeostasis, which incorporates several brain regions. When you have a sweet toothache, the same circuit encourages you to eat chocolate.
In line with those reasons, a new study discovered that decreasing social connection results in social cravings, which are characterized by brain activity patterns akin to those of starvation.
Given that people crave social interaction just as much as they do food, what happens to the brain when a person experiences social starvation?
What does the phrase "social thermostat" mean according to the author?
Correct!
Wrong!
It is crucial to find the query term in the text rather than assuming its meaning since the answer to this question can be found in the line "specialized circuitry to gauge our relationships and make the correct adjustments."
Following more than a year of fruitful negotiations, the European Union (EU) has officially acknowledged the United Kingdom's strict data privacy regulations.
This will make it possible for personal data to continue flowing smoothly from the EU to the UK.
Following the European Union's decision to implement "data adequacy" judgments, personal data can still be freely transferred between Europe and the UK.
The action is welcomed by the UK government since it appropriately acknowledges the nation's strict data privacy laws. Personal data can now freely flow to the UK from the EU and the larger European Economic Area (EEA) following the formal acceptance of the judgments made under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Law Enforcement Directive (LED). Because to the rulings, UK companies and organizations are no longer need to make extra agreements with their European counterparts in order to continue receiving personal data from the EU and EEA.
This unrestricted flow of personal data promotes investment, trade, and innovation. It also helps law enforcement agencies combat crime, delivers essential public services, and shares personal data to support scientific and health research.
As part of its commitment to facilitating a seamless exit from the EU, the UK, which currently has a fully independent data policy, has already recognized the EU and EEA member states as "adequate." The government intends to encourage the free flow of personal data internationally and across borders, including through ambitious new trade agreements and new data adequacy agreements with some of the fastest growing economies, while making sure people's data is protected to a high standard.
All decisions in the future will be made with an eye on maximizing innovation and staying current with technology. Therefore, the government's strategy will aim to reduce obstacles for organizations that want to use data to address some of the most important global concerns, such as illness prevention and climate change.
Which definition of "adequacy decision" fits the best?
Correct!
Wrong!
You can answer this question by attentively reading the entire text, which will give you a general understanding of the phrase.
Following more than a year of fruitful negotiations, the European Union (EU) has officially acknowledged the United Kingdom's strict data privacy regulations.
This will make it possible for personal data to continue flowing smoothly from the EU to the UK.
Following the European Union's decision to implement "data adequacy" judgments, personal data can still be freely transferred between Europe and the UK.
The action is welcomed by the UK government since it appropriately acknowledges the nation's strict data privacy laws. Personal data can now freely flow to the UK from the EU and the larger European Economic Area (EEA) following the formal acceptance of the judgments made under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Law Enforcement Directive (LED). Because to the rulings, UK companies and organizations are no longer need to make extra agreements with their European counterparts in order to continue receiving personal data from the EU and EEA.
This unrestricted flow of personal data promotes investment, trade, and innovation. It also helps law enforcement agencies combat crime, delivers essential public services, and shares personal data to support scientific and health research.
As part of its commitment to facilitating a seamless exit from the EU, the UK, which currently has a fully independent data policy, has already recognized the EU and EEA member states as "adequate." The government intends to encourage the free flow of personal data internationally and across borders, including through ambitious new trade agreements and new data adequacy agreements with some of the fastest growing economies, while making sure people's data is protected to a high standard.
All decisions in the future will be made with an eye on maximizing innovation and staying current with technology. Therefore, the government's strategy will aim to reduce obstacles for organizations that want to use data to address some of the most important global concerns, such as illness prevention and climate change.
Which of the following sums up the text's tone the best?
Correct!
Wrong!
The text's primary goal is to inform readers about the recent choice, but it also serves as support because of the numerous advantages mentioned.
Environmental (eDNA) sampling is so fast and effective that it can screen a significantly greater area of the sea in less time for patterns of variety.
Consider researching animals in a blind manner. Does that seem absurd? Yes, it seems like a bad bargain to those like us who become interested in biology because we love animals and like learning about them. However, if you consider what happens to forensic investigators searching for DNA evidence at a crime scene or to physicians identifying a disease in a patient's blood, you will realize that they are doing precisely that: they are detecting live forms without being able to see them.
Life is mapped out in DNA. It is found in almost every living thing on Earth, and the way we research it is usually by taking a sample of blood or tissue. However, DNA is actually present everywhere because animals regularly shed it through self-scratching, excretion, urine, eggs, saliva, and, of course, death. Every habitat, including your bed and the deepest oceanic depths, is full of "biological dust," which is primarily cellular material that has been preserved by previous species and includes their DNA. We refer to this as "eDNA," or environmental DNA.
Thanks to rapidly advancing, precise, and reasonably priced technology, scientists have started sequencing this trace DNA from many contexts in recent years. And researchers studying settings as big as the oceans have found value in this "micro" method.
Numerous aquatic creatures are big, uncommon, elusive, and incredibly mobile. Sharks are a prime example; they comprise a relatively small fraction of the biomass in the oceans, are often quite challenging to catch, and have been at odds with people ever since humans began sailing the seas. With a few notable exceptions, they stay away from us, and as a result, many of them are in danger of going extinct.
This is why we thought it would be fascinating to explore if we could map the existence and distribution of sharks quickly, without involving time-consuming and resource-intensive shark harvesting techniques, by simply sampling a few bottles of ocean water (and the DNA fragments within). We were pleased to see that, in fact, this was feasible and that different species could be found in various geographic locations, even though shark presence would be sparser in areas that had seen greater human impact.
However, comparing this eDNA technique to shark monitoring to other well-established and proven methods, including baited underwater camera recordings or visual censuses conducted while scuba diving, would be necessary to determine its genuine effectiveness.
According to the author, researching animals without actually seeing them is
Correct!
Wrong!
By stating that biologists found the proposal shocking, the author implies that it is unusual.
Following more than a year of fruitful negotiations, the European Union (EU) has officially acknowledged the United Kingdom's strict data privacy regulations.
This will make it possible for personal data to continue flowing smoothly from the EU to the UK.
Following the European Union's decision to implement "data adequacy" judgments, personal data can still be freely transferred between Europe and the UK.
The action is welcomed by the UK government since it appropriately acknowledges the nation's strict data privacy laws. Personal data can now freely flow to the UK from the EU and the larger European Economic Area (EEA) following the formal acceptance of the judgments made under the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Law Enforcement Directive (LED). Because to the rulings, UK companies and organizations are no longer need to make extra agreements with their European counterparts in order to continue receiving personal data from the EU and EEA.
This unrestricted flow of personal data promotes investment, trade, and innovation. It also helps law enforcement agencies combat crime, delivers essential public services, and shares personal data to support scientific and health research.
As part of its commitment to facilitating a seamless exit from the EU, the UK, which currently has a fully independent data policy, has already recognized the EU and EEA member states as "adequate." The government intends to encourage the free flow of personal data internationally and across borders, including through ambitious new trade agreements and new data adequacy agreements with some of the fastest growing economies, while making sure people's data is protected to a high standard.
All decisions in the future will be made with an eye on maximizing innovation and staying current with technology. Therefore, the government's strategy will aim to reduce obstacles for organizations that want to use data to address some of the most important global concerns, such as illness prevention and climate change.
What is meant by GDPR?
Correct!
Wrong!
Since it's a simpler query, the response should come back quickly. You should carefully double-check each word to make sure you choose the correct one in the text, which is "EU General Data Protection Regulation," but it is simple to make a careless error.
Environmental (eDNA) sampling is so fast and effective that it can screen a significantly greater area of the sea in less time for patterns of variety.
Consider researching animals in a blind manner. Does that seem absurd? Yes, it seems like a bad bargain to those like us who become interested in biology because we love animals and like learning about them. However, if you consider what happens to forensic investigators searching for DNA evidence at a crime scene or to physicians identifying a disease in a patient's blood, you will realize that they are doing precisely that: they are detecting live forms without being able to see them.
Life is mapped out in DNA. It is found in almost every living thing on Earth, and the way we research it is usually by taking a sample of blood or tissue. However, DNA is actually present everywhere because animals regularly shed it through self-scratching, excretion, urine, eggs, saliva, and, of course, death. Every habitat, including your bed and the deepest oceanic depths, is full of "biological dust," which is primarily cellular material that has been preserved by previous species and includes their DNA. We refer to this as "eDNA," or environmental DNA.
Thanks to rapidly advancing, precise, and reasonably priced technology, scientists have started sequencing this trace DNA from many contexts in recent years. And researchers studying settings as big as the oceans have found value in this "micro" method.
Numerous aquatic creatures are big, uncommon, elusive, and incredibly mobile. Sharks are a prime example; they comprise a relatively small fraction of the biomass in the oceans, are often quite challenging to catch, and have been at odds with people ever since humans began sailing the seas. With a few notable exceptions, they stay away from us, and as a result, many of them are in danger of going extinct.
This is why we thought it would be fascinating to explore if we could map the existence and distribution of sharks quickly, without involving time-consuming and resource-intensive shark harvesting techniques, by simply sampling a few bottles of ocean water (and the DNA fragments within). We were pleased to see that, in fact, this was feasible and that different species could be found in various geographic locations, even though shark presence would be sparser in areas that had seen greater human impact.
However, comparing this eDNA technique to shark monitoring to other well-established and proven methods, including baited underwater camera recordings or visual censuses conducted while scuba diving, would be necessary to determine its genuine effectiveness.
What is the passage's tone?
Correct!
Wrong!
The educational passage seeks to educate the reader about a novel and unconventional strategy that might be quite advantageous. It should be noted that the author merely explains the procedure and its potential rather than attempting to convince the reader that eDNA is the best choice.