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Biostatistics Flashcards

7 cards from real FPGEE practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Berkson's bias is a specific form of selection bias most commonly associated with which study design?

    Answer: Hospital-based case-control studies

    Berkson's bias occurs when both cases and controls are drawn from hospitalized patients, distorting the true association because hospitalization rates differ by exposure and disease.

  2. A study of a new antibiotic uses intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Which statement best describes this approach?

    Answer: All randomized patients are analyzed in their originally assigned groups regardless of adherence

    ITT analysis preserves the benefits of randomization and gives a conservative, real-world estimate of treatment effect by including all randomized subjects.

  3. Which measure of central tendency is most resistant to outliers in a skewed pharmacokinetic dataset?

    Answer: Median

    The median is the middle value and is not influenced by extreme values (outliers), making it robust for skewed distributions.

  4. A diagnostic test for a rare disease (prevalence 1%) has sensitivity 99% and specificity 99%. What is the approximate positive predictive value?

    Answer: Approximately 50%

    PPV ≈ TP/(TP+FP); with 1% prevalence and 99% specificity, false positives (~1% of 9,900 = 99) nearly equal true positives (~99), giving PPV ≈ 50%.

  5. In multiple linear regression, what does the R² value represent?

    Answer: The proportion of variance in the outcome explained by all predictors combined

    R² (coefficient of determination) represents the proportion of total variance in the dependent variable that is explained by the regression model.

  6. A pharmacy researcher performs 20 independent hypothesis tests simultaneously without adjustment. Approximately how many false positives are expected at α = 0.05?

    Answer: 1

    With 20 tests at α = 0.05, approximately 20 × 0.05 = 1 false positive is expected by chance alone, illustrating the multiple comparisons problem.

  7. Which nonparametric test is the equivalent of a one-way ANOVA when the normality assumption is violated?

    Answer: Kruskal-Wallis test

    The Kruskal-Wallis test compares median ranks across three or more independent groups and is the nonparametric alternative to one-way ANOVA.