ASNT Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety Personnel (IRRSP) Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: What type of transport package is required for moving industrial radiography sources between job sites under DOT regulations?

Any container with posted radiation warning labels
A standard locked metal toolbox with a survey meter attached
A DOT Type B package regardless of source activity
A DOT Type A package meeting activity limits (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A DOT Type A package meeting activity limits

Sealed sources used in portable industrial radiography are transported in DOT-approved Type A packages, provided the activity does not exceed Type A quantity limits.

Question 2: Within what timeframe must a licensee notify the NRC of a lost or stolen sealed source by telephone?

Within 30 days
Within 24 hours
Within 72 hours
Within 4 hours (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Within 4 hours

10 CFR 34.91 requires immediate telephone notification to the NRC within 4 hours of discovering a missing, lost, or stolen source.

Question 3: A radiographic exposure device is discovered missing from a locked vehicle at a job site. After securing personal safety, what is the radiographer's most critical immediate notification?

Immediately call other radiographers in the area to help search for the device.
Immediately notify local law enforcement to report the theft.
Immediately notify the client for whom the radiographic work was being performed.
Immediately notify the licensee's Radiation Safety Officer (RSO). (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Immediately notify the licensee's Radiation Safety Officer (RSO).

According to regulatory protocol and company procedures, the RSO must be the first point of contact within the company. The RSO is responsible for initiating the company's emergency response plan, which includes making the required notifications to regulatory agencies (like the NRC or Agreement State) and coordinating with law enforcement. The radiographer's primary duty is to report up their chain of command.

Question 4: What is the primary safety function of the locking mechanism on a radiographic exposure device?

To indicate if the device has been tampered with.
To prevent the drive gear from wearing out.
To provide a secondary method of retracting the source.
To prevent unauthorized use and secure the source in its shielded position. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To prevent unauthorized use and secure the source in its shielded position.

The lock's main purpose is to secure the sealed source within its shielded container, preventing accidental exposure or unauthorized operation of the device. This is a critical administrative and engineering control for radiation safety.

Question 5: Why is it important to conduct radiographic operations during off-hours or in isolated areas?

To minimize the need for protective equipment
To allow for more time near the radiation source
To reduce the risk of accidental exposure to non-radiography personnel (Correct answer)
To increase productivity

Correct answer: To reduce the risk of accidental exposure to non-radiography personnel

Conducting radiographic operations during off-hours or in isolated areas is a key administrative control for radiation safety. This practice minimizes the presence of non-radiography personnel, significantly reducing the chance of accidental exposure to individuals unaware of the hazards. It helps to ensure that only trained and authorized personnel are in the vicinity of the radiation source.

Question 6: After retracting a source, a radiographer's survey meter shows readings significantly above background along the guide tube and at the exposure device. This indicates the source is not properly shielded. After securing the restricted area, what is the radiographer's NEXT step?

Replace the battery in the survey meter and re-survey the equipment.
Use long-handled tongs to disconnect the guide tube from the device.
Attempt to crank the source out and back in again quickly.
Immediately notify the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) and follow the established emergency procedure. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Immediately notify the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) and follow the established emergency procedure.

If the source fails to return to the fully shielded position, it is an abnormal event that requires initiating the company's emergency procedures. The first steps are always to secure the area to prevent further exposure and then immediately contact the RSO for guidance. Attempting to manipulate the equipment without a specific plan can worsen the situation.

Question 7: Which of the following is considered a stochastic effect of radiation exposure?

Nausea and vomiting
Cancer (Correct answer)
Skin erythema (reddening)
Cataract formation

Correct answer: Cancer

Stochastic effects are those for which the probability of occurrence increases with dose, but the severity is independent of the dose. Cancer is the primary stochastic effect of concern in radiation protection. The other options are deterministic (or tissue reaction) effects, which have a dose threshold and whose severity increases with dose.

Question 8: According to 10 CFR Part 34, which of the following is a required daily operability check that must be performed on a radiographic exposure device before its first use of the day?

A leak test of the sealed source.
Verification of the source's activity using a calibration certificate.
Disassembly and lubrication of the crank mechanism.
A visual check of the drive cable for kinks and fraying. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: A visual check of the drive cable for kinks and fraying.

10 CFR 34.31 requires licensees to perform visual and operability checks on radiographic exposure devices and associated equipment before use each day. This includes inspecting the crank, drive cable, and guide tube connections for any damage or defects that could compromise safety.

Question 9: During radiographic operations, each radiographer and radiographer's assistant must wear several pieces of monitoring equipment. Which of the following combinations is required by 10 CFR 34.47?

A personnel dosimeter, a survey meter, and a direct reading dosimeter.
A survey meter, an alarming ratemeter, and a film badge.
An operating alarm ratemeter, a personnel dosimeter, and a direct reading dosimeter. (Correct answer)
A direct reading dosimeter, a Geiger-Mueller counter, and an OSL dosimeter.

Correct answer: An operating alarm ratemeter, a personnel dosimeter, and a direct reading dosimeter.

10 CFR 34.47(a) explicitly states that each individual acting as a radiographer or assistant must wear, on the trunk of the body, a direct reading dosimeter, an operating alarm ratemeter, and a personnel dosimeter (the legal dose of record, such as a TLD or OSL). A survey meter is required for surveys but is not part of the required wearable personnel monitoring equipment.

Question 10: Which of the following is a primary advantage of an Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dosimeter compared to a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)?

OSL dosimeters provide an immediate, real-time audible alarm at a preset dose rate.
OSL dosimeters are significantly less expensive to manufacture.
OSL dosimeters can be re-read to confirm a dose reading, while TLD readings are destructive. (Correct answer)
OSL dosimeters do not require an accredited NVLAP processor for evaluation.

Correct answer: OSL dosimeters can be re-read to confirm a dose reading, while TLD readings are destructive.

A key feature of OSL technology is that the reading process, which uses a laser or LED light, is non-destructive. This allows the dosimeter to be re-analyzed multiple times to verify an exposure reading. In contrast, the process of reading a TLD involves heating the crystal, which erases the stored information, making a re-read impossible.

Question 11: During a survey of the restricted area boundary, a radiographer's survey meter needle begins to move erratically, jumping inconsistently. The radiographer is holding the meter steady. Which of the following is a likely cause for this issue?

There is a loose connection or a short in the cable between the probe and the meter. (Correct answer)
The battery is low, but still providing some power.
The source is not properly collimated, causing a scattered beam.
The meter's range is set too low for the radiation field.

Correct answer: There is a loose connection or a short in the cable between the probe and the meter.

An erratically jumping needle on a survey meter, when held steady, often indicates an electrical problem. A common cause is a faulty or loose cable connecting the detector probe to the meter, which can cause intermittent electrical shorts or open circuits, leading to unstable readings. While a low battery can cause issues, it typically results in a sluggish response or a reading below the 'BAT TEST' line, not erratic jumping.

Question 12: Which of the following instruments is designed to measure an individual's accumulated radiation dose over a period of time, rather than the instantaneous dose rate?

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) (Correct answer)
Audible Alarming Ratemeter
Ion Chamber Survey Meter
Geiger-Mueller (GM) Survey Meter

Correct answer: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

A Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) or film badge is a type of personal dosimeter that measures the total accumulated radiation dose received by an individual over a specific period (e.g., a month or a quarter). Survey meters and alarming ratemeters measure the current radiation rate (e.g., mR/hr).

Question 13: Which of the following events at a temporary job site would require the licensee to make an immediate report to the NRC or Agreement State Operations Center?

The discovery that a survey meter's calibration due date was passed by one day.
An individual's alarming ratemeter goes off, but their pocket dosimeter shows a negligible reading.
A fire on-site that requires the evacuation of personnel but does not damage any radiographic equipment.
An event that causes an individual to receive an actual or threatened whole-body dose of 25 rem (0.25 Sv) or more. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: An event that causes an individual to receive an actual or threatened whole-body dose of 25 rem (0.25 Sv) or more.

According to 10 CFR 20.2202, a licensee must immediately report any event that may have caused or threatens to cause an individual to receive a total effective dose equivalent of 25 rems (0.25 Sv) or more. The other scenarios, while potentially requiring action or internal reporting, do not meet the criteria for immediate notification to the regulatory agency.

Question 14: Under which of the following conditions is a vehicle required to be placarded with 'RADIOACTIVE' signs on all four sides?

When the vehicle is carrying a package with a RADIOACTIVE WHITE-I label.
Anytime a Type A package is transported.
When the vehicle is carrying a package with a RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-III label. (Correct answer)
If the total activity in the vehicle exceeds 10 Curies.

Correct answer: When the vehicle is carrying a package with a RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-III label.

According to 49 CFR 172.504, placarding of the transport vehicle is required for any shipment that includes a package bearing a RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-III label. Placarding is not required for packages with only WHITE-I or YELLOW-II labels.

Question 15: What is the primary purpose of exposure monitoring in industrial radiography?

To ignore safety protocols
To reduce the need for personal protective equipment (PPE)
To ensure radiation doses remain within safe limits (Correct answer)
To increase productivity

Correct answer: To ensure radiation doses remain within safe limits

Exposure monitoring in industrial radiography is essential for verifying that radiation doses received by workers do not exceed regulatory limits. It involves the use of personal dosimeters and survey meters to track radiation levels and individual exposures. This practice is critical for protecting worker health and complying with radiation safety regulations.

Question 16: Which safety measure should always be taken when setting up a radiographic operation?

Removing all protective barriers
Ignoring distance from the radiation source
Using personal dosimeters (Correct answer)
Increasing exposure time

Correct answer: Using personal dosimeters

Using personal dosimeters is a mandatory and fundamental safety measure for anyone involved in radiographic operations. These devices continuously monitor and record an individual's radiation exposure, providing crucial data to ensure doses remain within safe limits. They are essential for tracking cumulative exposure and verifying the effectiveness of other safety protocols.

Question 17: The amount of shielding material required to reduce the intensity of a gamma ray beam to one-half of its original value is known as the:

Tenth-Value Layer (TVL)
Linear Attenuation Coefficient
Specific Gamma-Ray Constant
Half-Value Layer (HVL) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Half-Value Layer (HVL)

The Half-Value Layer (HVL) is the defined thickness of a specific material that will reduce the intensity of a radiation beam by 50%. For example, adding one HVL of lead will cut the beam's intensity in half.

Question 18: What is the ALARA principle in radiation safety?

As Long As Radiation Exists
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (Correct answer)
Always Leave Area Rapidly
As Large As Radiation Allows

Correct answer: As Low As Reasonably Achievable

ALARA stands for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" and is a core principle in radiation safety. It mandates that all radiation exposures should be kept to the lowest practical level, even if they are below regulatory limits. This principle guides practices to minimize doses to workers and the public by employing practical and cost-effective measures.

Question 19: What is the primary purpose of the physical protection requirements in 10 CFR 37 for Category 1 and 2 radioactive materials?

To track cumulative occupational dose to radiation workers
To document emergency contact information for first responders
To prevent unauthorized access, loss, or theft of radioactive materials (Correct answer)
To ensure proper environmental monitoring near storage areas

Correct answer: To prevent unauthorized access, loss, or theft of radioactive materials

10 CFR 37 establishes physical protection requirements to prevent unauthorized access and theft of Category 1 and 2 radioactive materials.

Question 20: The three fundamental principles for controlling external radiation exposure, often associated with the ALARA concept, are:

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
Time, Distance, and Shielding (Correct answer)
Monitoring, Documentation, and Reporting
Calibration, Surveying, and Leak Testing

Correct answer: Time, Distance, and Shielding

The three cardinal principles of radiation protection to keep doses As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) are minimizing the time of exposure, maximizing the distance from the source, and using appropriate shielding between the source and the individual.

Question 21: Which of the following is required when a source change is performed on an industrial radiography exposure device?

Only the manufacturer may perform source changes
The source change must be documented and the new source inventoried (Correct answer)
The NRC must be notified before the source change
The source change must occur only at a licensed fixed facility

Correct answer: The source change must be documented and the new source inventoried

Source changes must be fully documented and the new source added to inventory records to maintain accountability as required under 10 CFR 34.

Question 22: What should be done if a dosimeter shows an exposure level above the recommended limit?

Ignore the reading
Report the exposure to the radiation safety officer (RSO) immediately (Correct answer)
Increase the time spent in the radiation area
Continue working as usual

Correct answer: Report the exposure to the radiation safety officer (RSO) immediately

If a dosimeter indicates an exposure level above the recommended limit, immediate action is required to protect the worker and investigate the incident. The first and most critical step is to report this overexposure to the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO). The RSO will initiate an investigation, assess the situation, and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence and ensure worker safety.

Question 23: During a radiographic operation, a radiographer's alarming ratemeter goes off unexpectedly, and the survey meter confirms that the source is not secured in its shielded position. What is the radiographer's most critical immediate responsibility?

Secure the restricted area boundary and prevent unauthorized entry. (Correct answer)
Disassemble the guide tube to identify the problem.
Notify the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) immediately.
Immediately attempt to retract the source using the crank.

Correct answer: Secure the restricted area boundary and prevent unauthorized entry.

In an emergency where a source is unshielded, the first and most critical responsibility is to protect people from exposure. This involves securing the restricted area to prevent anyone from entering and being exposed to the unshielded source. Notifying the RSO is also crucial, but securing the area comes first.

Question 24: A radiographer performs the required survey after an exposure and the survey meter reads zero across the entire length of the guide tube and all around the exposure device. What is the most probable cause and the correct immediate action?

The survey meter is malfunctioning or saturated; the radiographer should retreat to a safe distance and troubleshoot the issue. (Correct answer)
The source is safely retracted and the survey confirms it; proceed with the next shot.
A temporary electrical interference is causing a false reading; shaking the meter will likely fix it.
The exposure device is exceptionally well-shielded; a zero reading is expected and normal.

Correct answer: The survey meter is malfunctioning or saturated; the radiographer should retreat to a safe distance and troubleshoot the issue.

A properly functioning survey meter will always indicate some level of radiation, even if it's just background, and will show a measurable reading on the surface of a shielded exposure device. A reading of absolute zero is a strong indicator of instrument malfunction (e.g., dead battery, saturation in a very high field) or that the meter is turned off. The safest and most appropriate immediate action is to assume a high radiation field exists and retreat to a safe distance before taking any other action.

Question 25: Which of the following is a primary principle of radiation protection in industrial radiography?

Reduce the distance from the radiation source
Ignoring exposure limits
Shielding with appropriate materials (Correct answer)
Increase exposure time

Correct answer: Shielding with appropriate materials

Shielding is a fundamental principle of radiation protection, alongside time and distance. It involves placing a barrier of appropriate material, such as lead or concrete, between the radiation source and personnel. This barrier absorbs or scatters radiation, significantly reducing exposure levels and protecting individuals from harmful effects.

Question 26: Where must exposure devices containing sealed sources be stored when not in use?

In any locked room at the facility
In a locked vehicle at the job site overnight
At the device manufacturer's facility between jobs
In a licensed, secured storage location meeting NRC physical security requirements (Correct answer)

Correct answer: In a licensed, secured storage location meeting NRC physical security requirements

Sealed sources must be stored in NRC-licensed locations that meet physical security requirements under 10 CFR 34 and 10 CFR 37.

Question 27: A radiographer's film badge is due for exchange. According to 10 CFR 34, what is the maximum replacement frequency for a film badge?

Quarterly
Monthly (Correct answer)
Bi-weekly
Weekly

Correct answer: Monthly

As per 10 CFR 34.47(a)(3), film badges must be replaced at least monthly. Other types of personnel dosimeters that require replacement, such as TLDs or OSLs, must be replaced at least quarterly.

Question 28: An industrial radiographer measures an intensity of 200 mR/hr at a distance of 3 feet from a sealed source. If the radiographer moves to a distance of 12 feet from the source, what will the new radiation intensity be?

25 mR/hr
12.5 mR/hr (Correct answer)
50 mR/hr
100 mR/hr

Correct answer: 12.5 mR/hr

The Inverse Square Law states that radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source (I₁d₁² = I₂d₂²). The distance increased by a factor of 4 (12 feet / 3 feet). Therefore, the intensity will decrease by the square of this factor (4² = 16). The new intensity is 200 mR/hr divided by 16, which equals 12.5 mR/hr.

Question 29: A radiographic exposure device is dropped and sustains visible damage to the housing, but a survey confirms the source remains safely shielded. What is the correct course of action?

Wrap the damaged area with high-strength tape and continue work, but report the damage at the end of the shift.
Remove the device from service immediately for inspection and recertification by the manufacturer or other authorized person. (Correct answer)
Note the damage in the daily log and schedule a maintenance check for the next quarterly inspection.
Perform several test exposures in an un-occupied area to ensure the crank mechanism still works properly.

Correct answer: Remove the device from service immediately for inspection and recertification by the manufacturer or other authorized person.

Any damage to a radiographic exposure device, especially to its housing, could compromise its structural integrity and safety features. Regulations and safe operating practices require that the device be immediately removed from service and not used until it has been inspected, repaired if necessary, and approved for return to service by a qualified entity, such as the manufacturer.

Question 30: Which of the following is an example of a somatic effect of radiation exposure?

Birth defects in the exposed individual's offspring
Cataract formation in the exposed individual (Correct answer)
Mutations in reproductive cells that can be passed on
Hereditary diseases in future generations

Correct answer: Cataract formation in the exposed individual

Somatic effects are those that affect the body of the exposed individual during their lifetime. Cataracts, skin burns, and cancer are all examples of somatic effects. Genetic (or heritable) effects are those that occur in the reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring.

Question 31: Under 10 CFR Part 34, when performing radiography at a temporary job site, a qualified radiographer must be accompanied by at least one other individual. What is the minimum qualification for this second individual?

An individual with security guard training.
An individual who has met the requirements of a radiographer's assistant. (Correct answer)
A certified Radiation Safety Officer (RSO).
Another certified radiographer.

Correct answer: An individual who has met the requirements of a radiographer's assistant.

10 CFR 34.41(a) requires that when radiography is performed at a location other than a permanent installation, the radiographer must be accompanied by at least one other qualified radiographer or a radiographer's assistant. This ensures a second person is present who can observe, provide immediate assistance, and prevent unauthorized entry.

Question 32: Which of the following pieces of information is NOT typically required on a radiation survey record?

The date and location of the survey.
The name of the individual who performed the survey.
The model and serial number of the survey instrument used.
The manufacturer of the film used for the exposures. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The manufacturer of the film used for the exposures.

A radiation survey record must contain essential information to be a useful and compliant document. This includes the date, location, identification of the instrument used (model/serial number), the results of the survey, and the name of the person performing it. The type or manufacturer of the film being used for the radiographic exposures is irrelevant to the radiation survey itself and is not a required component of the survey record.

Question 33: A radiographer is performing a survey and the meter's needle goes off-scale to the right on the x1 scale. What is the immediate, correct action for the radiographer to take?

Note the reading as 'maximum' and complete the survey.
Move the meter further away from the source until a reading is obtained.
Assume the meter is saturated and immediately exit the area.
Turn the range selector switch to a higher multiplication factor (e.g., x10 or x100). (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Turn the range selector switch to a higher multiplication factor (e.g., x10 or x100).

When a survey meter's reading goes 'off-scale' or 'pegs' to the right, it means the radiation field is greater than the maximum reading on the current scale. The proper procedure is to switch to a less sensitive, higher range (e.g., from x1 to x10, or x10 to x100) to obtain an accurate measurement of the dose rate. This is a normal part of operating a multi-scale survey meter.

Question 34: How can time be managed to minimize radiation exposure during industrial radiography?

Ignoring the time factor and focusing on distance
Prolonging the exposure duration
Increasing the time spent in the radiation area
Reducing the time spent near the radiation source (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Reducing the time spent near the radiation source

Time is one of the three fundamental principles of radiation protection (Time, Distance, Shielding). By minimizing the duration an individual spends in a radiation field, their total accumulated dose is directly reduced. This is because the total radiation dose is proportional to the exposure time, meaning shorter times result in less exposure.

Question 35: A radiographer begins a shift and recharges their ion-chamber pocket dosimeter. At the end of the shift, they record the reading. How long must the licensee maintain the records of these daily direct-reading dosimeter readings?

Until the commission terminates the license
For 3 years (Correct answer)
For 1 year
For 5 years

Correct answer: For 3 years

According to 10 CFR 34.83(a), records of direct reading dosimeter readings required by § 34.47(b) must be maintained by the licensee for 3 years after the record is made. Records of the legal personnel dosimeter results, however, must be kept until the commission terminates the license.

Question 36: In a gamma radiography setup, what is the primary purpose of using a collimator?

To filter out alpha and beta radiation from the beam.
To narrow the primary radiation beam to the area of interest, reducing scatter and dose. (Correct answer)
To increase the activity of the radioactive source.
To connect the source guide tube to the exposure device.

Correct answer: To narrow the primary radiation beam to the area of interest, reducing scatter and dose.

A collimator is a shielding device that shapes and directs the primary radiation beam. Its use reduces the size of the high-radiation area, minimizes scatter radiation, and helps reduce the radiation dose to both the public and radiographic personnel, in line with ALARA principles.

Question 37: During an emergency source retrieval operation, which of the following is the most critical element for minimizing the dose received by the response team?

Ensuring the retrieval is performed by the most senior radiographer on site.
Having the RSO personally handle the source with long-handled tongs.
Developing a specific, detailed plan and rehearsing it before approaching the source. (Correct answer)
Wearing two sets of personnel dosimeters to ensure an accurate dose reading.

Correct answer: Developing a specific, detailed plan and rehearsing it before approaching the source.

The ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is best served by meticulous planning and practice. A well-rehearsed plan minimizes the time spent in the high radiation area, optimizes distance, and ensures proper use of shielding and tools, thereby reducing the overall exposure to the team more effectively than any other single measure.

Question 38: A radiographer is preparing to transport a radiographic exposure device to a field location. Which set of regulations primarily governs the placarding of the vehicle and the shipping papers?

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1096
ANSI N432-1980
NRC 10 CFR Part 34
DOT 49 CFR Parts 171-173 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: DOT 49 CFR Parts 171-173

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, specifically 49 CFR, govern the transportation of hazardous materials, including radioactive sources. These regulations cover requirements for packaging, labeling, placarding of vehicles, and shipping papers.

Question 39: Which of the following records must a licensee maintain regarding industrial radiographic operations?

Daily vehicle mileage logs to job sites
A list of all radiographs taken
Quarterly inventory of sealed sources (Correct answer)
The personal contact information of every client

Correct answer: Quarterly inventory of sealed sources

According to 10 CFR Part 34, licensees are required to conduct a physical inventory of all sealed sources every three months (quarterly) to ensure they are accounted for.

Question 40: During radiographic operations, how can the risk of accidental radiation exposure be minimized?

By not using any protective equipment
reducing the distance from the radiation source
By increasing the time spent near the source
By using remote-controlled equipment and proper shielding (Correct answer)

Correct answer: By using remote-controlled equipment and proper shielding

Minimizing accidental radiation exposure during radiographic operations relies heavily on engineering controls and protective measures. Remote-controlled equipment allows operators to maintain a safe distance from the source, while proper shielding reduces radiation levels in occupied areas. These combined strategies significantly decrease the risk of unintended exposure to personnel.

Question 41: A licensee must perform inspection and maintenance on radiographic exposure devices, storage containers, and survey instruments. How often must operability checks be performed on a survey meter?

Before use on each day the equipment is to be used (Correct answer)
During the quarterly inventory check
Only when the batteries are changed
Once per week

Correct answer: Before use on each day the equipment is to be used

According to 10 CFR 34.31, the licensee must perform visual and operability checks on survey meters before use on each day the equipment is to be used. This ensures the instrument is functioning correctly before any radiographic operations begin.

Question 42: According to 10 CFR Part 34, which of the following is a required daily check for a survey meter before it is used for radiographic operations?

Measurement of the half-value layer for the primary isotope being used.
A full multi-point calibration check against a certified source.
An operability check using a check source or other appropriate means. (Correct answer)
A leak test of the detector's gas-filled chamber.

Correct answer: An operability check using a check source or other appropriate means.

10 CFR 34.31(a) requires that visual and operability checks be performed on survey meters before use on each day the equipment is to be used. This operability check must be performed using a check source or another appropriate method to ensure the instrument is functioning correctly. Full calibration is required at specific intervals (e.g., every 6 months), not daily.

Question 43: Which of the following is NOT required on a source inventory record under 10 CFR 34?

Estimated activity on a specified reference date
Name of the radiographer who used the source most recently (Correct answer)
Identity of the isotope
Serial number of the sealed source

Correct answer: Name of the radiographer who used the source most recently

Source inventory records must identify the isotope, serial number, and estimated activity, but do not specifically require the name of each radiographer who has used the source.

Question 44: How frequently must radiographers physically account for all sealed sources in their possession to ensure source security?

Daily at shift start
Before and after each use (Correct answer)
Monthly inventory audits
Weekly at minimum

Correct answer: Before and after each use

Radiographers must account for all sealed sources before and after each use to immediately detect any loss or potential theft of radioactive material.

Question 45: An industrial radiography exposure device, containing a high-activity sealed source, is considered what type of shipping package?

Type B Package (Correct answer)
Industrial Package
Type A Package
Excepted Package

Correct answer: Type B Package

Industrial radiography sources typically contain activities that exceed Type A quantity limits. Therefore, they must be transported in a Type B package. A Type B package is designed and tested to withstand severe accident conditions without a significant loss of shielding or containment, as required by regulations like 10 CFR Part 71 and 49 CFR 173.

Question 46: An industrial radiography crew successfully performs an emergency retrieval of a disconnected source. Which of the following is a mandatory action the licensee must take after the event?

Issue a press release to the local media explaining the situation and the successful retrieval.
Take the exposure device out of service permanently, regardless of its condition.
Submit a written report detailing the event to the NRC or Agreement State within 30 days. (Correct answer)
Re-certify all personnel involved in the retrieval within 48 hours.

Correct answer: Submit a written report detailing the event to the NRC or Agreement State within 30 days.

According to 10 CFR 34.101, an unintentional disconnection of the source assembly from the control cable is an incident that requires the licensee to send a written report to the regulatory agency within 30 days of the occurrence. This report must detail the cause, corrective actions, and other specifics of the event.

Question 47: What is the role of personal dosimeters in radiation protection?

Measuring the distance from the radiation source
Monitoring cumulative radiation exposure (Correct answer)
Shielding the body from radiation
Reducing the amount of radiation emitted

Correct answer: Monitoring cumulative radiation exposure

Personal dosimeters are essential devices worn by individuals working with radiation. Their primary role is to measure and record the total amount of radiation dose an individual receives over a period. This monitoring helps ensure that workers' cumulative exposure remains within safe regulatory limits and allows for accurate tracking of individual doses.

Question 48: A worker is exposed to a significant whole-body dose of radiation. After an initial period of nausea and fatigue, they feel relatively well for several days. This symptom-free period is known as the:

Manifest illness stage
Latent stage (Correct answer)
Prodromal stage
Recovery stage

Correct answer: Latent stage

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) typically progresses through four stages. The initial symptoms occur in the prodromal stage. This is followed by the latent stage, a period where the individual appears and feels healthy, which can last for hours or weeks. The manifest illness stage is when severe symptoms return, and the final stage is either recovery or death.

Question 49: What should be done if a worker is accidentally exposed to a high dose of radiation?

Evacuate the worker, seek medical attention immediately, and report to the RSO (Correct answer)
Ignore the exposure and finish the task
Increase the exposure to other workers to balance the dose
Continue working without taking any action

Correct answer: Evacuate the worker, seek medical attention immediately, and report to the RSO

In the event of a high radiation exposure, the immediate priority is the affected worker's health and safety. The worker must be evacuated from the radiation area, and immediate medical attention sought to assess and treat potential radiation injuries. Simultaneously, the incident must be reported to the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) for investigation and regulatory compliance.

Question 50: An ion-chamber pocket dosimeter must be checked for correct response to radiation at specified intervals. What is the maximum allowable interval for this check, and what is the acceptable accuracy range?

Every 6 months, within ±10% of the true exposure.
Every 12 months, within ±30% of the true exposure.
Every 12 months, within ±20% of the true exposure. (Correct answer)
Every 6 months, within ±25% of the true exposure.

Correct answer: Every 12 months, within ±20% of the true exposure.

10 CFR 34.47(c) requires that pocket dosimeters or electronic personal dosimeters be checked for correct response to radiation at periods not to exceed 12 months. The regulation also states that acceptable dosimeters must read within plus or minus 20 percent of the true radiation exposure.

Question 51: How often should personal dosimeters be checked for accurate exposure readings?

Every month
Before and after each work shift (Correct answer)
Once a year
Only when radiation levels are suspected to be high

Correct answer: Before and after each work shift

For accurate and timely monitoring of radiation exposure, personal dosimeters should be checked before and after each work shift. This practice ensures that any exposure received during the shift is recorded and allows for immediate identification of potential overexposures. Regular checks are vital for maintaining an up-to-date record of an individual's cumulative dose.

Question 52: What is the required immediate action if a sealed source leak test yields removable contamination above the regulatory limit?

Perform a second confirmatory leak test before taking action
Increase the survey frequency and continue operations
Remove the source from service immediately and notify the NRC (Correct answer)
Wait for additional activity decay before retesting

Correct answer: Remove the source from service immediately and notify the NRC

A leaking source must be immediately withdrawn from service and the NRC notified per 10 CFR 34.27, as a failed leak test indicates a loss of source containment.

Question 53: Which device is commonly used to monitor individual radiation exposure in industrial radiography?

Personal dosimeter (Correct answer)
Thermometer
Pressure gauge
Voltmeter

Correct answer: Personal dosimeter

A personal dosimeter is the specific device designed to monitor individual radiation exposure. These small, wearable devices measure the cumulative radiation dose received by the wearer over a period. They are crucial for tracking occupational exposure and ensuring compliance with radiation safety limits.

Question 54: Which type of dosimeter provides a cumulative record of radiation exposure over time?

Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
All of the above (Correct answer)
Electronic personal dosimeter (EPD)
Film badge dosimeter

Correct answer: All of the above

Electronic personal dosimeters (EPDs), film badge dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are all types of personal dosimeters used to provide a cumulative record of radiation exposure over time. Each type has different mechanisms for measuring and storing dose information, but their common purpose is to track an individual's total radiation intake. They are essential tools for long-term exposure monitoring in radiation environments.

Question 55: According to 10 CFR Part 20, what is the annual occupational dose limit for the whole body of an adult radiographer?

100 mrem (1 mSv)
5,000 mrem (50 mSv) (Correct answer)
500 mrem (5 mSv)
50,000 mrem (500 mSv)

Correct answer: 5,000 mrem (50 mSv)

10 CFR Part 20, 'Standards for Protection Against Radiation,' sets the annual total effective dose equivalent for the whole body of an adult radiation worker at 5,000 mrem (50 mSv).

Question 56: Which isotope is most commonly used in portable industrial radiography exposure devices due to its appropriate half-life and gamma energy?

Selenium-75 (Se-75)
Cesium-137 (Cs-137)
Cobalt-60 (Co-60)
Iridium-192 (Ir-192) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)

Ir-192 is the most widely used isotope in portable industrial radiography because its ~74-day half-life and average gamma energy (~0.38 MeV) are well-suited for field radiography of steel.

Question 57: Which of the following is NOT an appropriate action during a radiation emergency?

Evacuating the area immediately
Attempting to contain the source without proper equipment (Correct answer)
Following established emergency procedures
Notifying the RSO and emergency services

Correct answer: Attempting to contain the source without proper equipment

During a radiation emergency, attempting to contain a radiation source without proper training, equipment, and authorization is extremely dangerous and inappropriate. Such actions can lead to severe personal overexposure and worsen the situation. The correct procedure is to evacuate, notify the RSO and emergency services, and allow trained professionals with specialized equipment to handle the source.

Question 58: Which of the following actions is a mandatory and critical safety step that must be performed immediately after the source has been retracted into the exposure device and before approaching it?

Locking the crank assembly.
Recording the exposure time in the logbook.
Disconnecting the guide tube.
Performing a thorough survey of the exposure device and guide tube. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Performing a thorough survey of the exposure device and guide tube.

It should never be assumed that the source has returned to its shielded position simply because the crank indicates it has. A thorough radiation survey of the entire exposure device and the full length of the guide tube with a calibrated survey meter is the only way to confirm the source is secure. This is a fundamental step to prevent accidental overexposure.

Question 59: According to the Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau, which of the following cells would be MOST radiosensitive?

Rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells (Correct answer)
Adult muscle tissue
Developed bone cells
Mature nerve cells

Correct answer: Rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells

The Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau states that radiosensitivity is directly proportional to the rate of cell division (mitotic activity) and inversely proportional to the degree of cell differentiation. Therefore, cells that are rapidly dividing and are not specialized (undifferentiated), such as stem cells in bone marrow or the gastrointestinal lining, are the most sensitive to radiation.

Question 60: A radiographer needs to perform a 10-minute task in a radiation field of 120 mrem/hr. What is the total dose the radiographer will receive?

1200 mrem
12 mrem
60 mrem
20 mrem (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 20 mrem

Total dose is calculated by multiplying the dose rate by the exposure time. First, convert the time to hours (10 minutes / 60 minutes/hour = 1/6 hour). Then, multiply the dose rate by the time: 120 mrem/hr * (1/6) hr = 20 mrem.

Question 61: What is the primary purpose of conducting a radiation survey before starting radiographic operations?

To detect and measure radiation levels in the work area (Correct answer)
To determine the exposure time needed
To assess the surrounding temperature
To check the humidity levels

Correct answer: To detect and measure radiation levels in the work area

A radiation survey is a critical safety step performed before starting radiographic operations. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify radiation levels in the immediate work environment and surrounding areas. This ensures that controlled area boundaries are correctly established and that no unexpected radiation hazards exist, protecting both workers and the public.

Question 62: How long must sealed source inventory records be retained under NRC regulations?

3 years after the record is made (Correct answer)
Until the license expires
5 years after the record is made
1 year after the record is made

Correct answer: 3 years after the record is made

10 CFR 34.87 specifies that records of sealed source inventory must be retained for 3 years after the record is made.

Question 63: A radiographer's transport vehicle is involved in a traffic accident. After confirming no medical emergencies exist, what is the radiographer's first and most critical radiological safety action?

Exchange insurance information with the other driver and then survey the equipment.
Perform a thorough radiation survey of the exposure device and the immediate area to verify shielding integrity. (Correct answer)
Immediately notify the company's Radiation Safety Officer (RSO).
Remove the exposure device from the vehicle and place it at least 50 feet away from the accident scene.

Correct answer: Perform a thorough radiation survey of the exposure device and the immediate area to verify shielding integrity.

The immediate priority in any incident involving a radiographic device is to assess the radiological conditions. A survey must be performed to confirm that the source is still properly shielded and that there is no radiation hazard to the public, emergency responders, or the radiographer before any other non-life-saving actions are taken.

Question 64: Which of the following is the defining characteristic of the Transport Index (TI) on a radioactive materials package?

The maximum radiation level in mrem/hr at the package surface.
The maximum radiation level in mrem/hr at one meter from the package surface. (Correct answer)
The total activity of the source in Curies (Ci).
The thickness of the shielding material in inches.

Correct answer: The maximum radiation level in mrem/hr at one meter from the package surface.

The Transport Index (TI) is explicitly defined in 49 CFR 173.403 as the dimensionless number equivalent to the maximum radiation level in millirem per hour (mrem/hr) at 1 meter (3.3 ft) from the external surface of the package, rounded up to the next tenth.

Question 65: According to 10 CFR 34, if a radiographer's direct-reading pocket dosimeter is found to be off-scale and radiation exposure cannot be ruled out, which of the following actions is required within 24 hours?

The individual must be immediately removed from all radiation duties for 30 days.
The radiographer must complete a written report to be filed with the NRC.
The individual's personnel dosimeter (e.g., TLD or OSL) must be sent for processing and evaluation. (Correct answer)
A full recalibration of all survey meters on site must be initiated.

Correct answer: The individual's personnel dosimeter (e.g., TLD or OSL) must be sent for processing and evaluation.

10 CFR 34.47(d) specifies that if a direct-reading dosimeter is off-scale (or an electronic personal dosimeter reads over 200 mrem) and exposure is possible, the individual's legal personnel dosimeter that requires processing must be sent for evaluation within 24 hours to determine the actual dose received. The individual is also restricted from work with licensed material until a dose determination is made by the RSO.

Question 66: Which of the following is a key component of an emergency response plan for radiographic operations?

Protocols for notifying emergency personnel and the RSO (Correct answer)
Instructions to ignore alarms
Procedures for increasing exposure
Guidelines for working without PPE

Correct answer: Protocols for notifying emergency personnel and the RSO

A key component of any effective emergency response plan for radiographic operations is clear protocols for communication. This includes detailed instructions on how and when to notify emergency personnel (e.g., fire department, medical services) and, crucially, the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO). Prompt and accurate notification ensures that appropriate resources are deployed to manage the incident safely.

Question 67: Deterministic effects of radiation, such as skin erythema or sterility, are characterized by which of the following?

A linear, no-threshold dose-response relationship
The severity of the effect being independent of the dose received
A threshold dose below which the effect is not observed (Correct answer)
The probability of occurrence being the primary concern, not the severity

Correct answer: A threshold dose below which the effect is not observed

Deterministic effects (also called tissue reactions) are characterized by a threshold dose; the effect will not occur unless a certain minimum dose is received. Once that threshold is exceeded, the severity of the effect increases with the dose. This is in contrast to stochastic effects, which have no threshold.

Question 68: What level of removable contamination indicates that a sealed source is leaking under NRC regulations?

100 Bq (0.003 µCi)
370 Bq (0.010 µCi)
1,000 Bq (0.027 µCi)
185 Bq (0.005 µCi) (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 185 Bq (0.005 µCi)

10 CFR 34.27 defines a leaking source as one with removable contamination exceeding 185 Bq (0.005 µCi).

Question 69: A radiographer is driving a company vehicle to a job site with a properly secured and labeled radiographic device. According to 49 CFR 177.817, where must the shipping papers be located during transportation?

Taped securely to the outside of the transport package.
In the back of the vehicle, next to the exposure device.
In a locked glove compartment.
Within the driver's immediate reach when restrained by a seatbelt. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Within the driver's immediate reach when restrained by a seatbelt.

DOT regulations require that shipping papers for hazardous materials be readily accessible to authorities in an emergency. 49 CFR 177.817 specifies that when the driver is at the vehicle's controls, the papers must be within their immediate reach while restrained by the lap and shoulder belt, and either readily visible or in a holder mounted to the inside of the door.

Question 70: What document must a licensee maintain to ensure accountability of each sealed source in its possession?

Shipping manifest
Personnel dosimetry report
Survey log
Source inventory record (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Source inventory record

10 CFR 34.31 requires licensees to maintain an inventory record for each sealed source to ensure continuous accountability.

Question 71: A radiographer has just completed the final exposure of the day at a temporary job site. According to regulations, what specific survey must be performed and documented before securing the exposure device for transport?

A survey of the exposure device and guide tube to confirm the source is in the fully shielded position. (Correct answer)
A survey of the entire restricted area to ensure no residual radiation remains.
A survey of the radiographer's hands and feet for contamination.
A survey of the transport vehicle to establish a background radiation level.

Correct answer: A survey of the exposure device and guide tube to confirm the source is in the fully shielded position.

10 CFR 34.49(b) explicitly requires that after each exposure, a survey of the radiographic exposure device and the guide tube must be conducted to determine that the sealed source has returned to its shielded position before dismantling equipment. This confirmatory survey is a critical safety step before handling the device or preparing it for transport.

Question 72: What is the first step that should be taken if a radiation source becomes stuck or unshielded during a radiographic operation?

Evacuate the area and notify the radiation safety officer (RSO) (Correct answer)
Ignore the issue and proceed
Continue the operation as planned
Attempt to fix the source immediately

Correct answer: Evacuate the area and notify the radiation safety officer (RSO)

If a radiation source becomes stuck or unshielded, it represents an immediate and serious radiation hazard. The absolute first step is to ensure the safety of personnel by evacuating the area immediately to prevent further exposure. Concurrently, the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) must be notified so they can manage the emergency with appropriate expertise and equipment.

Question 73: Which of the following pieces of information is NOT required on the shipping paper for a Class 7 (Radioactive) material shipment?

The name of the radionuclide (e.g., Iridium-192).
The activity of the material in Becquerels (Bq) or Curies (Ci).
The date of the last source exchange. (Correct answer)
The category of label applied to the package (e.g., YELLOW-II).

Correct answer: The date of the last source exchange.

According to 49 CFR 172.203(d), shipping papers for radioactive materials must include the proper shipping name, UN number, radionuclide, activity, category of label, and Transport Index. The date of the last source exchange is a licensee record but is not a required entry on the transportation shipping document.

Question 74: Which of the following is considered a primary characteristic of a stochastic effect of radiation exposure?

The probability of the effect occurring increases with dose. (Correct answer)
The effect is typically observed within hours or days of exposure.
A dose threshold must be exceeded for the effect to occur.
The severity of the effect increases with the dose received.

Correct answer: The probability of the effect occurring increases with dose.

Stochastic effects are probabilistic, meaning their likelihood of occurring increases with the radiation dose, but the severity is not dependent on the dose. Cancer is the primary example. In contrast, deterministic effects have a dose threshold and their severity increases with the dose (e.g., skin reddening).

Question 75: A radiographer prepares to transport a package containing a radiographic source. A survey of the package reveals a maximum radiation level of 35 mrem/hr at the surface and 0.7 mrem/hr at one meter. According to 49 CFR 172.403, what is the correct radioactive label for this package?

RADIOACTIVE WHITE-I
SPECIAL PERMIT
RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-II (Correct answer)
RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-III

Correct answer: RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-II

According to 49 CFR 172.403, the label is determined by the higher of two conditions: the surface dose rate and the Transport Index (TI), which is the dose rate at 1 meter. A RADIOACTIVE YELLOW-II label is required when the surface dose rate is greater than 0.5 mrem/hr but not more than 50 mrem/hr, AND the TI is not more than 1. Since 35 mrem/hr is within the surface limit and the TI of 0.7 is within the TI limit, YELLOW-II is the correct label.

Question 76: An industrial radiographer receives a high dose of radiation over a very short period due to an equipment malfunction. The immediate effects they might experience, such as nausea, are classified as what type of effects?

Chronic effects
Teratogenic effects
Genetic effects
Acute effects (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Acute effects

Acute effects are health effects that appear within hours, days, or weeks following a high dose of radiation delivered over a short time. Chronic effects result from exposure to smaller doses over a long period. Genetic effects are passed on to future generations, and teratogenic effects are those that affect an embryo or fetus.

Question 77: How often must sealed sources used in industrial radiography be leak tested under 10 CFR 34?

Every 3 months
Annually
Monthly
Every 6 months (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Every 6 months

10 CFR 34.27 requires that sealed sources be leak tested at intervals not to exceed 6 months.

Question 78: Which combination best describes the integrated approach to radiation protection?

Time management, ignoring distance, no shielding
Relying solely on personal protective equipment (PPE)
Shielding only, no need to consider time or distance
Using time, distance, and shielding together (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Using time, distance, and shielding together

The integrated approach to radiation protection, often referred to as the "Time, Distance, Shielding" triad, is the most effective strategy. Each of these principles independently reduces radiation exposure, but when applied concurrently, they provide comprehensive protection. This combined method ensures that exposure is minimized through multiple layers of safety.

Question 79: A radiographer is cranking out a source and feels significant, unusual resistance in the drive cable. Forcing the crank is unsuccessful. What is the most appropriate immediate action?

Attempt to retract the source, and if it retracts, investigate the guide tube for blockages. (Correct answer)
Immediately run to the exposure head to see what is blocking the source.
Continue to apply steady, forceful pressure to crank the source out.
Disconnect the drive cable from the exposure device to relieve pressure.

Correct answer: Attempt to retract the source, and if it retracts, investigate the guide tube for blockages.

Unusual resistance often indicates a kinked or crushed guide tube. Forcing the crank can cause a source disconnect. The correct procedure is to stop, attempt to safely retract the source, and then investigate the cause of the problem, such as an issue with the guide tube, before proceeding.

Question 80: In the event of a radiographic source being lost or stolen, what immediate action should be taken?

Immediately report the incident to the RSO and relevant authorities (Correct answer)
Replace the source with another one
Conduct a search alone
Ignore the situation and continue working

Correct answer: Immediately report the incident to the RSO and relevant authorities

The loss or theft of a radiographic source is a severe security and safety breach, as it could lead to uncontrolled radiation exposure. Immediate reporting to the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) is paramount for internal response, and reporting to relevant authorities (e.g., police, regulatory bodies) is required to initiate a search and prevent public harm. This swift action is critical for public safety and regulatory compliance.

Question 81: What is a 'pig' in the context of industrial radiography source management?

A portable shielded container used to store or transport sealed sources (Correct answer)
The lead collimator attached to the front of an exposure device
The connecting cable between the control console and exposure head
A contaminated source that cannot be used

Correct answer: A portable shielded container used to store or transport sealed sources

A 'pig' is a portable, heavily shielded container (typically lead or depleted uranium) used to safely store and transport a single sealed source.

Question 82: What should be done if the controlled area’s boundaries cannot be properly established during radiographic operations?

Ignore boundary establishment
Proceed with the operation regardless
Reduce the use of protective equipment
Use warning signs and barriers to clearly mark the area (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Use warning signs and barriers to clearly mark the area

If controlled area boundaries cannot be properly established, it is crucial to clearly mark the perimeter with warning signs and physical barriers. This ensures that unauthorized personnel are aware of the radiation hazard and are prevented from entering the area. This measure helps maintain safety and prevent accidental exposure when ideal conditions are not met.

ASNT Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety Personnel (IRRSP) Exam

The ASNT IRRSP exam certifies personnel in radiation safety for industrial radiography, covering radiation fundamentals, protection principles, equipment operation, regulations, and emergency procedures per NRC 10 CFR Part 34.

100

Questions

180 min

Time Limit

70%

To Pass

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