ESL ESL Grammar & Linguistics for Teachers 3

Question 1

Which type of error occurs when a learner applies an L1 rule to L2, resulting in an incorrect form?

Accepted Answer

Transfer error (interference)

Answer

Transfer errors arise when learners apply patterns from their native language to the second language where those patterns do not apply.

Question 2

What is the function of a gerund in English grammar?

Accepted Answer

It is a verb form ending in -ing used as a noun

Answer

A gerund functions as a noun in a sentence, as in 'Swimming is great exercise,' where 'swimming' is the subject.

Question 3

In English, what is the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses?

Accepted Answer

Restrictive clauses define or identify the noun; non-restrictive clauses add extra, non-essential information set off by commas

Answer

Restrictive clauses are essential to the noun's identity, while non-restrictive clauses provide bonus information and are enclosed in commas.

Question 4

What does 'aspect' refer to in English grammar?

Accepted Answer

How a verb action extends or is completed over time, such as perfect or progressive aspect

Answer

Aspect conveys the internal time structure of an event—whether it is ongoing (progressive) or completed (perfect).

Question 5

Which sentence demonstrates correct subject-verb agreement?

Accepted Answer

Neither the students nor the teacher were ready.

Answer

With 'neither…nor,' the verb agrees with the noun closest to it; 'students' is plural, so 'were' is correct.

ESL - Certified English as a Second Language Instructor Practice Test