ESL Grammar & Linguistics for Teachers Flashcards

Which type of error occurs when a learner applies an L1 rule to L2, resulting in an incorrect form?

Answer: Transfer error (interference)

Transfer errors arise when learners apply patterns from their native language to the second language where those patterns do not apply.

What is the function of a gerund in English grammar?

Answer: It is a verb form ending in -ing used as a noun

A gerund functions as a noun in a sentence, as in 'Swimming is great exercise,' where 'swimming' is the subject.

In English, what is the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses?

Answer: Restrictive clauses define or identify the noun; non-restrictive clauses add extra, non-essential information set off by commas

Restrictive clauses are essential to the noun's identity, while non-restrictive clauses provide bonus information and are enclosed in commas.

What does 'aspect' refer to in English grammar?

Answer: How a verb action extends or is completed over time, such as perfect or progressive aspect

Aspect conveys the internal time structure of an event—whether it is ongoing (progressive) or completed (perfect).

Which sentence demonstrates correct subject-verb agreement?

Answer: Neither the students nor the teacher were ready.

With 'neither…nor,' the verb agrees with the noun closest to it; 'students' is plural, so 'were' is correct.

What is the purpose of teaching collocations in an ESL grammar class?

Answer: To help students use words that naturally go together as native speakers do

Collocations are word combinations that native speakers habitually use together, and knowing them makes learner output sound natural.