ENT Pediatric and Special Populations Flashcards

What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media in a 3-year-old child without penicillin allergy per AAP guidelines?

Answer: Amoxicillin

High-dose amoxicillin (80–90 mg/kg/day) is the first-line antibiotic for acute otitis media in children per AAP/AAFP guidelines due to its efficacy against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Which imaging modality is preferred for evaluating suspected pediatric deep neck space infections?

Answer: Contrast-enhanced CT

Contrast-enhanced CT is the preferred modality for pediatric deep neck space infections because it rapidly differentiates abscess from cellulitis and identifies airway compromise.

What is the characteristic radiographic finding of croup on an AP neck X-ray?

Answer: Steeple sign

Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) produces subglottic narrowing on AP neck X-ray creating the classic 'steeple sign,' representing symmetric subglottic tapering.

Which genetic syndrome features unilateral microtia, hemifacial microsomia, epibulbar dermoids, and vertebral anomalies?

Answer: Goldenhar syndrome (oculoauriculovertebral spectrum)

Goldenhar syndrome, also known as oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, features unilateral microtia, hemifacial microsomia, epibulbar dermoids, and vertebral anomalies arising from first and second branchial arch dysplasia.

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for obstructive sleep apnea in children?

Answer: Overnight polysomnography

Overnight polysomnography is the gold standard for diagnosing pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, measuring AHI, oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, and sleep architecture.

A child with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, and progressive vision loss (retinitis pigmentosa) likely has which syndrome?

Answer: Usher syndrome

Usher syndrome is characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, and progressive retinitis pigmentosa leading to blindness, and is the most common cause of deaf-blindness.