ENT Pediatric and Special Populations Flashcards

Choanal atresia is a congenital obstruction of which anatomical structure?

Answer: Posterior nasal aperture (choana)

Choanal atresia is a congenital bony or membranous obstruction of the posterior nasal aperture (choana), and bilateral cases present as a respiratory emergency in obligate nasal-breathing newborns.

Since widespread Hib vaccination, which organism has become the predominant cause of acute epiglottitis in vaccinated children?

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes

Since widespread Hib vaccination, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) has become the most common bacterial cause of acute epiglottitis in vaccinated children.

What is the most common indication for adenotonsillectomy in pediatric patients?

Answer: Obstructive sleep apnea

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common indication for adenotonsillectomy in children.

Which type of hearing loss is most commonly seen in children with Down syndrome?

Answer: Conductive hearing loss

Children with Down syndrome most frequently experience conductive hearing loss due to Eustachian tube dysfunction, small ear canals, and high rates of recurrent otitis media.

Subglottic hemangiomas in infants typically present with which characteristic symptom pattern?

Answer: Biphasic stridor that worsens with crying and improves with age

Subglottic hemangiomas cause biphasic stridor that worsens with agitation or crying and typically undergo spontaneous involution by 12–18 months of age.

Which HPV types are most commonly responsible for juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis?

Answer: HPV 6 and 11

Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is caused by HPV types 6 and 11, low-risk subtypes typically transmitted to the infant during vaginal delivery.